Study of Malondialdehyde Level and Glutathione Peroxidase Activity in Patients Suffering from Malaria

Abstract

Introduction: Malaria is one of the most common Parasitic infection prevalent worldwide especially in India, South Asia and Africa. About 250 million cases and approximately One million deaths of malaria reported per year worldwide. Oxidative stress (O.S.) has been implicated as possible mediator of thrombocytopenia in malarial patients. All eukaryotic cells, specially immune effector cells generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) as a mean to combat invading microbes i.e. via the ' Oxidative burst', which increases the oxidative burden on the microbe to lethal levels. An excess of ROS such as superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydroxyl radicals and /or RNS, such as nitric oxide (NO) and peroxynitrite (ONOO-) creates a potentially dangerous situation known as oxidative or nitrosative stress respectively. 
 Aim: Present study aims to study the status of serum Malondialdehyde and Glutathione Peroxidase activity in hemolysate among the patients with Malaria.
 Materials and Methods: This is cross-sectional observational study on 200 non-treated malaria patients, compared with 100 normal individuals. Out of total 200 malaria patients 96 were plasmodium (P) vivax & 104 were P falciparum diagnosed cases.
 Results: Mean MDA level in the P. Vivax malaria cases was 12.29 + 0.32 micromole/L which was found to be higher compared to the controls with mean MDA level is 6.55+ 0.24 micromole/L, whereas the mean MDA level in P. Falciparum malaria cases was 13.5+ 0.18 micromole/L which was higher compared to the controls with mean MDA level of 6.55+ 0.24 micromole/L.
 Conclusion: The present study on malaria explains the role of oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of malaria which is a multifactorial phenomenon and represents an important aspect of the intricate and complex host- parasite relationship. Oxidative stress is aggravated by reduced effectiveness of the antioxidant defence system; hence it is advised to provide antioxidant supplements through diet that can reduce the disease severity and risk of death during infection.

Profiling of Phyllanthus Amarus Phytochemical Constituents and Evaluation of Associated Antimalarial Activity and Antioxidant Potential in Experimental Mice

“…Lipid peroxidation indicated by the increased levels of MDA, a biomarker of oxidative stress, is greatly elevated in untreated P. berghei infected mice 32 . Elevated MDA levels in Plasmodium infection has been confirmed by other researchers 34,35 . The increased amount of MDA generated during malaria infection may be caused by activation of the immune system 33 .…”

Impact of malaria on glutathione peroxidase levels: a systematic review and meta-analysis

“…The risk of bias among the included studies was examined using the JBI critical appraisal tools for case–control, cohort, cross-sectional, and experimental studies. The results of the assessment showed that one case–control study lacked exposure period of interest 30 ; four cross-sectional studies lacked the identification and strategy to deal with confounding factors 19 , 21 , 32 , 40 ; and the cohort study had unclear follow-up details 34 . All studies were included in the review (Table S3 ).…”

“…Three studies compared blood levels of GPx between malaria patients with P. vivax and P. falciparum infections 37 , 38 , 40 . The findings of the three studies showed similar GPx levels among patients with P. falciparum and P. vivax malaria 37 , 38 , 40 .…”

“…Three studies compared blood levels of GPx between malaria patients with P. vivax and P. falciparum infections 37 , 38 , 40 . The findings of the three studies showed similar GPx levels among patients with P. falciparum and P. vivax malaria 37 , 38 , 40 . Following meta-analysis of the three studies, blood levels of GPx were similar between patients with P. vivax and P. falciparum infections ( P = 0.48, Hedges’ g: 0.10, 95% CI − 0.19–0.39, I 2 : 54.11%, 202 P. falciparum patients/251 P. vivax patients, 3 studies, Fig.…”

“…The possible reason behind this contrary result between subgroup analysis and direct comparison may be explained by the number of studies included in each meta-analysis. Nine studies were included for analysis in the subgroup of P. falciparum 18 – 21 , 31 , 35 , 36 , 39 , 41 , but only three studies were included in the direct comparison of GPx between patients with vivax and falciparum malaria 37 , 38 , 40 . Regardless of the type of Plasmodium infection, both P. falciparum or P. vivax infection could increase oxidative stress and decrease antioxidant levels.…”