Study of Mg ion Intercalation in Polycrystalline MoO<sub>3</sub> Thin Films

Sian, Tarsame S.; Reddy, G. B.; Shivaprasad, S. M.

doi:10.1143/jjap.43.6248

Cited by 18 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…For example, a capacity of ∼220 mAh/g at 2.25 V corresponds to an energy content of ∼495 Wh/kg and ∼2332 Wh/l, respectively, which is approximately six times greater than the state-of-the-art Chevrel cathode. Furthermore, Mg 2+ intercalation has been shown to be at least partly reversible, , creating a great deal of interest in this material as a multivalent electrode. Despite the promising theoretical capacity of this material, α-MoO 3 is plagued by sluggish diffusion kinetics and demonstrations of reversible Mg 2+ insertion/removal have typically required nanoscale films of MoO 3 to facilitate ionic mobility. ,, …”

Section: Oxidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, Mg 2+ intercalation has been shown to be at least partly reversible, , creating a great deal of interest in this material as a multivalent electrode. Despite the promising theoretical capacity of this material, α-MoO 3 is plagued by sluggish diffusion kinetics and demonstrations of reversible Mg 2+ insertion/removal have typically required nanoscale films of MoO 3 to facilitate ionic mobility. ,, …”

Section: Oxidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Odyssey of Multivalent Cathode Materials: Open Questions and Future Challenges

et al. 2017

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The rapidly expanding field of nonaqueous multivalent intercalation batteries offers a promising way to overcome safety, cost, and energy density limitations of state-of-the-art Li-ion battery technology. We present a critical and rigorous analysis of the increasing volume of multivalent battery research, focusing on a wide range of intercalation cathode materials and the mechanisms of multivalent ion insertion and migration within those frameworks. The present analysis covers a wide variety of material chemistries, including chalcogenides, oxides, and polyanions, highlighting merits and challenges of each class of materials as multivalent cathodes. The review underscores the overlap of experiments and theory, ranging from charting the design metrics useful for developing the next generation of MV-cathodes to targeted in-depth studies rationalizing complex experimental results. On the basis of our critical review of the literature, we provide suggestions for future multivalent cathode studies, including a strong emphasis on the unambiguous characterization of the intercalation mechanisms.

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Section: Oxidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Oxidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Odyssey of Multivalent Cathode Materials: Open Questions and Future Challenges

et al. 2017

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“…In recent years, many other compounds were also explored as the cathode materials of RMBs accompanied with optimization strategies. The transition metal oxides of V 2 O 5 , [ 54,55 ] MoO 3 , [ 56–60 ] MnO 2 , [ 61 ] and the Prussian blue analog of Na 0.69 Fe 2 (CN) 6 , [ 62 ] K 0.86 Ni[Fe(CN) 6 ] 0.954 (H 2 O) 0.766 [ 63 ] were specifically introduced as high voltage cathode materials for RMBs. The main problems of transition metal oxides and Prussian blue analog are sluggish electrode kinetics and the incompatibility with electrolytes where Mg is reversibly deposited/stripped.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Progress and Challenges in the Optimization of Electrode Materials for Rechargeable Magnesium Batteries

Pei

Xiong

Yin

et al. 2020

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Rechargeable magnesium batteries (RMBs) have been regarded as one of the promising electrochemical energy storage systems to complement Li‐ion batteries owing to the low‐cost and high safety characteristics. However, the various challenges including the sluggish solid‐state diffusion of highly polarizing Mg2+ ions in hosts, and the formation of blocking layers on Mg metal surface have seriously impeded the development of high‐performance RMBs. In order to solve these problems toward practical applications of RMBs, a tremendous amount of work on electrodes and electrolytes has been conducted in the last few decades. Creative optimization strategies including the modification of cathodes and anodes such as shielding the charges of divalent Mg2+, expanding the layers of host materials, and optimizing the interface of electrode–electrolyte are raised to promote the technology. In this review, the detailed description of innovative approaches, representative examples, and facing challenges for developing high‐performance electrodes are presented. Based on the review of these strategies, guidelines are provided for future research directions on improving the overall battery performance, especially on the electrodes.

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“…Mg 2+ proved to be a good alternative to Li + , at least in the case of MoO 3 -based EC devices. 12 The ionic size of Mg 2+ ͑0.72 Å͒ is close to that of Li + but much less than that of Na + ͑0.95 Å͒, the next higher univalent alkali element to Li in the periodic table. Also, the equivalent weight of Mg 2+ ͑12 g/Faraday͒ is close to that of Li + .…”

mentioning

confidence: 95%

Study of Mg[sup 2+]-Intercalated Nb[sub 2]O[sub 5] Thin Films for Electrochromic Applications

Agarwal¹,

Reddy²

2007

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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The electrochromic behavior of sol-gel-derived Nb 2 O 5 thin films with Mg 2+ intercalants has been reported. Films have been intercalated and deintercalated with Mg 2+ in the galvanostatic mode using the three-electrode configuration. The ratio of the Mg ions to Nb atoms ͑referred to as x͒ has been varied from 0.25 to 0.75. The transmission at 500 nm has changed from 70 to 35% on intercalating to x = 0.75. The infrared investigations reveal the presence of adsorbed water, strong interaction between oxygen of the host material and Mg 2+ , and also formation of Mg͑OH͒ 2 on intercalation. Cyclic voltammetry studies show the existence of irreversible structural changes of lesser magnitudes on cycling. Atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy images show marginal changes in surface morphology on intercalation.The electrochromism phenomenon is used to realize a wide variety of modern devices such as smart windows to modulate solar energy flow into buildings, smart mirrors to adjust the reflection coefficient of rear-view mirrors of automobiles, and smart surfaces to regulate the emissivity of the surfaces of satellite bodies. 1 The key element in all these devices is an electrochromic ͑EC͒ layer, which manifests significant changes in optical properties when it is intercalated with ions. A large number of transition metal oxides like WO 3 , MoO 3 , V 2 O 5 , Nb 2 O 5 , and NiO have been reported to show EC behavior when these are intercalated with ions like H + , Li + , Na + , K + , etc. 1,2 In the last few years, interest in Nb 2 O 5 has increased because of its promising EC properties. 3 The low refractive index ͑n Ϸ 2͒ of Nb 2 O 5 allows us to get a thick coating with good transmission. The pure Nb 2 O 5 is reported to possess excellent chemical stability and good adhesion to glass substrate. The color of intercalated film depends strongly on the grain/cluster size. 4 Several methods such as sol-gel, 5 reactive dc magnetron sputtering, 6 indirect reactive sputtering, 7 thermal oxidation, 8 pulsed laser deposition, 9 chemical vapor deposition, 10 and the electrochemical method 11 have been used to obtain Nb 2 O 5 thin films.The EC properties of Nb 2 O 5 have so far been investigated, mostly either with H + or Li + . Li + is a widely studied intercalant because of its small ionic size ͑0.59 Å͒ and very low equivalent weight ͑7 g/Faraday͒, 12 but Li salts are highly toxic and react strongly with air/moisture because their handling is a major challenge. The cost of these salts is very high and their natural abundance is very low. These reasons have forced a search for an alternate intercalant ion for large-scale EC applications. Mg 2+ proved to be a good alternative to Li + , at least in the case of MoO 3 -based EC devices. 12 The ionic size of Mg 2+ ͑0.72 Å͒ is close to that of Li + but much less than that of Na + ͑0.95 Å͒, the next higher univalent alkali element to Li in the periodic table. Also, the equivalent weight of Mg 2+ ͑12 g/Faraday͒ is close to that of Li + . It is well known that the magnes...

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Study of Mg ion Intercalation in Polycrystalline MoO₃ Thin Films

Cited by 18 publications

References 12 publications

Odyssey of Multivalent Cathode Materials: Open Questions and Future Challenges

Odyssey of Multivalent Cathode Materials: Open Questions and Future Challenges

Recent Progress and Challenges in the Optimization of Electrode Materials for Rechargeable Magnesium Batteries

Study of Mg[sup 2+]-Intercalated Nb[sub 2]O[sub 5] Thin Films for Electrochromic Applications

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Study of Mg ion Intercalation in Polycrystalline MoO3 Thin Films

Cited by 18 publications

References 12 publications

Odyssey of Multivalent Cathode Materials: Open Questions and Future Challenges

Odyssey of Multivalent Cathode Materials: Open Questions and Future Challenges

Recent Progress and Challenges in the Optimization of Electrode Materials for Rechargeable Magnesium Batteries

Study of Mg[sup 2+]-Intercalated Nb[sub 2]O[sub 5] Thin Films for Electrochromic Applications

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Study of Mg ion Intercalation in Polycrystalline MoO₃ Thin Films