Study of mitophagy and ATP-related metabolomics based on β-amyloid levels in Alzheimer's disease

Insights Into Parkin-Mediated Mitophagy in Alzheimer's Disease: A Systematic Review

“…Studies that evaluated potential neuroprotective agents in AD models that ameliorate neurodegeneration via enhancement of Parkin-mediated mitophagy (Wang et al, 2018 ; Fang et al, 2019 ; Hirano et al, 2019 ; Gao et al, 2020 ; Han et al, 2020 ; Sun et al, 2020 ; Xiong et al, 2020 ; Yang et al, 2020 ; Zhao et al, 2020 , 2021 ). The studies used both in vivo and in vitro models of AD, and the outcomes mainly included increased the Parkin level or related proteins.…”

“…PINK1 apparently starts to increase upon mitophagy enhancement prior to Parkin, taken from the fact that studies, which measured both the Parkin and PINK1 relative levels, reported a higher increase in PINK1 (Gao et al, 2020 ; Han et al, 2020 ; Xiong et al, 2020 ). In higher doses or exposures, effectiveness of these compounds seems to decrease, indicated by the PINK1 and Parkin levels (Gao et al, 2020 ; Xiong et al, 2020 ).…”

“…Moreover, both urolithin A and actinonin could prevent Tau phosphorylation via PINK1-dependent mitophagy (Fang et al, 2019 ). Finally, a study on an in vitro model of AD reported that valinomycin increased PINK1/Parkin mitophagy, enhanced Parkin translocation, and significantly reduced the number of mitochondria, as well as the Aβ level (Xiong et al, 2020 ). In this study, again, enhancement of PINK1 was higher than Parkin in the treated cells (relative significant increase vs. relative insignificant increase, respectively) (Xiong et al, 2020 ).…”

“…Finally, a study on an in vitro model of AD reported that valinomycin increased PINK1/Parkin mitophagy, enhanced Parkin translocation, and significantly reduced the number of mitochondria, as well as the Aβ level (Xiong et al, 2020 ). In this study, again, enhancement of PINK1 was higher than Parkin in the treated cells (relative significant increase vs. relative insignificant increase, respectively) (Xiong et al, 2020 ). The interesting finding in this study was that increasing valinomycin treatment time from 3 to 6 h increased the PINK1 and Parkin levels, while increasing the time from 6 to 12 h decreased them.…”

Mitochondrial Dynamics: A Key Role in Neurodegeneration and a Potential Target for Neurodegenerative Disease

“…N2a/APP695swe cells treated with valinomycin for 3h can recover PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy and the removal of damaged mitochondria thus reduces Aβ and restores ATP levels. Notably, the different action times of valinomycin may produce opposite results (Xiong et al, 2020). β-asarone has also been shown to improve learning and memory in Aβ1-42-induced AD rats by regulating PINK1-Parkin-mediated mitophagy .…”