Study of n-type gallium arsenide- and gallium phosphide-based photoelectrochemical cells. Stabilization by kinetic control and conversion of optical energy to electricity

Ellis, Arthur B.; Bolts, Jeffrey M.; Kaiser, Steven W.; Wrighton, Mark S.

doi:10.1021/ja00451a002

Cited by 75 publications

(49 citation statements)

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“…On the basis of the direct transfer mechanism, one would therefore expect the reagent having the lowest levels to be the most reactive for holes, in contrast with the experimental result. The observation, that the hole reactivity decreases with increasing Eo value has been also made on TiO, [18], ZnO [7,18,19], CdSe [20], Table 4 Ratios of rate constants for the photooxidation of current-doubling (A) and competing reagents CdS [ 18,211, GaP and GaAs [21,22]. For materials with a rather high valence band (CdSe, Gap, GaAs), it may be argued that the energy levels of the species with the highest Eo may be below the valence band edge.…”

Section: This Equation Was Verified By Plotting Log[(2 -M ) / ( Ml)] mentioning

confidence: 93%

Electrochemical and Photoelectrochemical Properties of the Semiconducting SrTiO₃ Single Crystal Electrode

Kerchove¹,

Vandermolen²,

Gomes³

et al. 1979

Ber Bunsenges Phys Chem

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F. Vanden Kerchove et al.: Electrochemical and Photoelectrochemical Properties etc sponding to a kinetic energy spread of 0 to 27.2kJ/mol. Practically no kinetic cooling will result from collisions with Nz and 02, since these molecules are extremely efficient quenchers of O('D). However, the presence of a minor constituent in excess of the stratospheric N,O mixing ratio of less than 0.3 ppm would sufiice to reduce the average kinetic energy of those O('D) atoms which react with NzO, provided that the quenching efficiency of the minor constituent is much less than unity. This condition is met by the noble gases [ 163, and by Argon in particular. -Anyway, to obtain the yield of NO molecules per N 2 0 reacting with O('D) in the stratosphere, b = kzb/k2 has to be known for kinetic energies of O('D) below 27.2 kJ/mol. The value b = 0.617 0.015 obtained in this work is independent of kinetic energy in the range of interest, and corresponds to a yield of 1.23 NO molecules for each NzO molecule consumed by O('D). This is 23% higher than the yield of 1.00 which is widely used in model calculations. The recent results of Schiff [15] as well as Pirkle et al. [I41 fall between these limits. Elektrochemie 1 Hulbleiter 1 Oberfliichenerscheinungen 1 Phoroelektrochemie / StromverdoppelungThe photoelectrochemical behaviour of several reagents at the Sr'TiO, anode has been investigated. Current-doubling was found with several reducing agents. By competitive reaction experiments, hole capture was detected with some other reagents. Quantitative data on relative hole reactivities were obtained for several reducing agents, including water. The position of the band edges at the semiconductor surface was deduced from capacitance measurements. The reactivity data are interpreted in terms of the position of electron energy levels at both sides of the surface, and the applicability of the direct electron transfer model to the reactions observed is discussed. Untersucht wurde das photoelektrochemische Verhalten verschiedener Reagenzien an der SrTi0,-Anode. Bei verschiedenen reduzierenden Zusatzen wurde Stromverdoppelung gefunden. Aus einer Untersuchung von Konkurrenzreaktionen wurde bei einigen anderen Reagenzien Defektelektronenfang festgestellt. Quantitative Ergebnisse in bezug auf relative Defektelektronenreaktivitaten wurden fur verschiedene Reagenzien, einschlieBlich Wasser, erzielt. Die energetische Lage der Bandkanten an der Halbleiteroberflache wurde aus Kapazitatsmessungen abgeleitet. Die Reaktivitatsergebnisse wurden aufgrund der energetischen Lage der Elektronenniveaus an beiden Seiten der Phasengrenze interpretiert, und die Anwendbarkeit des direkten Elektronenubergangsmodells auf die beobachteten Reaktionen wird besprochen. Absorptionsspektren, von Kristallen Elektrochemie I Halbleiter / Oberjlachenerscheinungen 1 PhotoelektrochemieA comparative study was made on the photocurrent of etched and mechanically polished n-GaAs single crystal electrodes. The photocurrent was investigated as a function of voltage, light intensity a...

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Section: This Equation Was Verified By Plotting Log[(2 -M ) / ( Ml)] mentioning

confidence: 93%

Electrochemical and Photoelectrochemical Properties of the Semiconducting SrTiO₃ Single Crystal Electrode

Kerchove¹,

Vandermolen²,

Gomes³

et al. 1979

Ber Bunsenges Phys Chem

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“…Conversion of light to electricity with devices called photoelectrochemical cells has been an area of considerable activity in the last 2 years (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16). Except for one cell that uses a p-type CdTe photocathode (12), the key element of such cells is an n-type semiconducting photoanode.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…n-Type Si photoelectrodes were fashioned as described (1)(2)(3)(4)(5). Contact was made to the Si by rubbing a Ga-In eutectic on the back side.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

n-Type Si-based photoelectrochemical cell: New liquid junction photocell using a nonaqueous ferricenium/ferrocene electrolyte

Legg

Ellis

Bolts

et al. 1977

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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n-Type Si has been shown to serve as a stable photoanode in a cell for the conversion of light to electricity. The other components of the cell are a Pt cathode and an electrolyte consisting of an ethanol solution of the electrolyte. A Si-based cell is of note for several reasons: (i) Si is one of the most widely studied and best understood semiconductors with a wealth of supporting technology behind it, (ii) Si is the second most abundant element on earth, and (iii) the small band gap of Si affords the possibility of utilizing a large fraction of the solar spectrum. Unfortunately, the 1

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“…There have been active studies to stabilize these photoanodes by use of suitable redox compounds [2,6,12,13,[24][25][26][27][28][29][30]. The reducing agents can react with the photogenerated holes in the valence band.…”

Section: A) Stabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many efforts have recently been concentrated on the above problem, i.e., surppression of dissolution of unstable semiconductor photoelectrodes. It has been established that stabilization of these electrodes can be achieved by addition of suitable redox species in the electrolyte solution [12,13,[24][25][26][27][28][29][30]. We studied the competitive photoanodic oxidation at a CdS electrode in electrolytes containing various reducing agents [12,13].…”

Section: -2-3 Regenerative Electrochemical Photocellmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Production

Watanabe¹,

Fujishima²,

Honda³

1979

Solar-Hydrogen Energy Systems

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The solar energy coming down onto the earth's surface amounts to ca. 3 X 10 J per year, which is approximately 10 times the world-wide yearly energy consumption. Search for the efficient conversion of solar energy into other useful forms is, in view of the increasing anxiety about the exhaustion of energy resources, one of the most important challenges of future research and technology. In systems designed for the purpose of converting solar energy into electricity and/or chemical energy, two principal criteria must be fulfilled. The first is the absorption, by some chemical substance, of solar irradiation, leading to the creation of electron (a reduced chemical moiety)-hole (an oxidized chemical moiety) pairs. The second is an effective separation of these electron-hole pairs with little energetic loss, before they lose the input energy through recombination. Such a photoinduced charge separation can proceed effectively provided an electric field (potential gradient) has been established at the position where the primary photoexcitation takes place. In general, a potential gradient can be produced at an interface between two different substances (or different phases). For example, a very thin (ca. 50 A) lipid membrane separating two aqueous solutions inside the chloroplast of green plants is believed to play the essential role for the process of photosynthesis, which is the cheapest, and probably most successful solar conversion system available so far. Another well-known example is a photocell or a solar cell, in which the photogenerated electron hole pairs are driven efficiently in opposite directions by an electric field existing at the boundary (junction) of nand p-type semiconductors (or at metal/semiconductor junctions). A potential gradient can also be created, by a process described later in more detail, at an interface of a semiconducting material and a liquid phase. Hence, if a semiconductor is used as an electrode which is connected to another (counter) electrode, photoexcitation of the semiconductor can generate an electric work through an external load and, simultaneously, make proceed chemical (redox) reaction on the surface of each electrode. On the other hand, in a system where semiconductor particles are suspended in a solution, excitation of the semiconductor can lead to redox processes at the interface region. These systems have recently drawn the attention of a large number of investigators primarily in connection with solar energy conversion. The present chapter deals with the principles and recent advances in the investigation of light energy conversion systems based on the semiconductor/liquid junctions, focusing on fuel production as well as electrical energy generation. Biophotoelectrochemical processes (photoinduced charge generation and separation using compounds or organisms of biological origin) are also reviewed.

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Study of n-type gallium arsenide- and gallium phosphide-based photoelectrochemical cells. Stabilization by kinetic control and conversion of optical energy to electricity

Abstract: Surface states" located between the valence and conduction band have been detected optically in photoelectrochemical cells employing aqueous electrolytes for Sn02: H.

Cited by 75 publications

References 8 publications

Electrochemical and Photoelectrochemical Properties of the Semiconducting SrTiO₃ Single Crystal Electrode

Electrochemical and Photoelectrochemical Properties of the Semiconducting SrTiO₃ Single Crystal Electrode

n-Type Si-based photoelectrochemical cell: New liquid junction photocell using a nonaqueous ferricenium/ferrocene electrolyte

Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Production

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Study of n-type gallium arsenide- and gallium phosphide-based photoelectrochemical cells. Stabilization by kinetic control and conversion of optical energy to electricity

Abstract: Surface states" located between the valence and conduction band have been detected optically in photoelectrochemical cells employing aqueous electrolytes for Sn02: H.

Cited by 75 publications

References 8 publications

Electrochemical and Photoelectrochemical Properties of the Semiconducting SrTiO3 Single Crystal Electrode

Electrochemical and Photoelectrochemical Properties of the Semiconducting SrTiO3 Single Crystal Electrode

n-Type Si-based photoelectrochemical cell: New liquid junction photocell using a nonaqueous ferricenium/ferrocene electrolyte

Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Production

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Product

Resources

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Electrochemical and Photoelectrochemical Properties of the Semiconducting SrTiO₃ Single Crystal Electrode

Electrochemical and Photoelectrochemical Properties of the Semiconducting SrTiO₃ Single Crystal Electrode