Study of RE ion–doped oxide glass materials for photonic applications

Thin films based on Er>sup<3+>/sup< doped germanate-tellurite nanoglasses for Plasmonics

“…Rare-earth (RE) ions refer to the ions of elements from the RE element series in the periodic table, specifically lanthanides. 33 RE ions are often found in compounds, and the properties of these compounds are influenced by the oxidation state and coordination environment of the RE ions and have a partially filled 4f electron shell, which gives them unique magnetic, optical, and electronic properties, compared to other elements. 34 Due to these properties, RE ions are widely used in various fields, such as electronics, renewable energy, and medical imaging 35 .…”