“…According to the State Disaster Management Plan (2013), Assam lost about 7% of its land to river erosion over the past 50 years. In general, soil degradation is a severe environmental problem that affects many parts of India, and numerous papers are searching for causes and providing mitigation measures, particularly for West Bengal (e.g., Das, Sarkar, 2016;Mahala, 2019), Bihar (e.g., Kamur et al, 2016;Bahadur, Praveen, 2022), Uttar Pradesh (e.g., Saxena et al, 1991;Sanjay, Singh, 2020), Haryana (e.g., Chauhan, Rani, 2019), and Punjab (e.g., Aulakh, Sidhu, 2015). When it comes to Bangladesh, according to the study by Mohsin Ali et al (1997), the soil fertility status declined from 1967 to 1995 due to intensive cultivation, improper nutrient management, and low organic matter content in the soil.…”