The fabrication of devices with accurately controlled
properties
almost invariably takes advantage of feedback so that, based on real-time
measurements, process parameters can be automatically adjusted in
order to obtain the desired characteristics. Nevertheless, despite
the outstanding advantages of wet-chemistry methods (e.g., simplicity,
low-cost, low-temperature, and compatibility with almost any process
and type of substrate), the use of feedback in the solution growth
of nanostructures is almost unexplored. In fact, conventional techniques
for the real-time in-liquid characterization of nanostructures are
extremely complex and can introduce intricate artefacts. Here, by
taking advantage of an electro-mechanical resonator as a substrate,
we on-line monitor, at the system level, the nanostructure growth,
thus enabling the feedback-assisted tuning of low-cost electro-mechanical
resonators by ZnO nanowires. This approach allows for post-fabrication
tuning of the resonant frequency with high accuracy and high tuning
range (e.g., about 1% in our experiments) in a simple, fast, low power,
and low-cost manner, without requiring expensive facilities such as
clean rooms or high-vacuum deposition systems. Moreover, remarkably,
we find that for a given desired resonant frequency, the quality factor
of the resonance can be separately adjusted by modifying the nutrient
solution, which can be a key advantage for filters. The straightforward
interfacing and packaging of the final resonator stems from the large
difference, about 5 orders of magnitude, between the key structure
dimensions, namely, the diameter of the ZnO nanowires and the much
larger (e.g., few millimeters) diameter of the quartz. Our results
can lead to the widespread application of nanowire-tuned electro-mechanical
oscillators and filters in electronics, sensors, and material science.