To
overcome the traditional issues of protein labeling, we report
herein an effective approach for noncovalent conjugation of the biomolecule-derived
fluorescent nanodots (biodot) to functional proteins without the addition
of chemical linkers for biosensor development. The as-prepared fluorescent
biodot–protein conjugates are very stable near physiological
pH, exhibiting excellent photostability and thermal stability. More
importantly, the native functions of proteins, including drug binding
and enzymatic activities, are well-preserved after conjugating with
biodots. The optimized protein conjugation strategy is then applied
to prepare biodot-glucose oxidase (GOx) fluorescent sensing probes
for sweat glucose detection. Results show that the as-prepared sensing
probes could achieve better assay performance than those covalent
conjugates as demonstrated herein. Specifically, GOx in the noncovalently
bound conjugates are able to catalyze the oxidation of glucose effectively,
which generates hydrogen peroxide as a byproduct. In the presence
of Fe2+, Fenton reaction takes place to produce hydroxyl
radicals and Fe3+, leading to significant fluorescence
quenching of biodots on the conjugates. This simple one-step enzymatic
assay in a single probe achieves a wide linear range of 25–1000
μM (R
2 = 0.99) with a low detection
limit of 25 μM. Furthermore, negligible interference is observed
in the complex artificial sweat sample for accurate glucose quantification,
achieving an excellent recovery rate of 100.5 ± 2.2%. This work
provides a facile conjugation method that is generally applicable
to a wide range of proteins, which will help to accelerate future
development of multifunctional fluorescent probes to provide optical
signals with unique protein functions (e.g., enzymatic, recognition,
etc.) for biomedical sensing and imaging.