“…As a low carbon structural steel, S355 steel is widely used not only in vehicles, bridges, ships, edifices, etc (Wang et al , 2013; Chaves, 2014) but also in offshore platforms because of its good weldability and high ductility (Cruces et al , 2020), which are exposed to abrasion wear by heavy sand particles in seawater (Momber and Marquardt, 2018; Momber et al , 2015). Corrosive wear becomes more severe in oxygen-rich splash zone (Melchers et al , 2007), the total mass loss in the corrosive wear process is greater than that of corrosion and wear alone (López et al , 2015; López–Ortega et al , 2018), which decreased the mechanical properties such as strength, ductility and impact strength to loss of material and ultimate failure (Popoola et al , 2013).…”