Study of the characteristics of germanium avalanche photodiodes in the photon counting mode

Abstract

A study was made of the characteristics of photodetectors for fiber-optic communication lines using quantum cryptographic systems – germanium avalanche photodiodes operating in the photon counting mode. In particular, it was established at what highest temperature the implementation of the photon counting mode is possible, and the influence of temperature and overvoltage on the sensitivity of photodiodes is also considered. An experimental setup has been developed for the research. It has been determined that the highest ambient temperature at which LFD-2 germanium avalanche photodiodes operate in the photon counting mode is 243 K. It has also been found that the highest sensitivity of germanium avalanche photodiodes corresponds to the optical radiation wavelength range of 1310÷1490 nm. Lowering the temperature leads to an increase in the sensitivity of germanium avalanche photodiodes. It was found that the dependence of the signal-to-noise ratio on overvoltage has a maximum corresponding to overvoltage ΔU = 0.1 V. Lowering the temperature led to an increase in sensitivity and signal-to-noise ratio. Since there was no shift in the maximum dependence of the signal-to-noise ratio on the overvoltage, it was therefore concluded that when the avalanche photodiode operates in the photon counting mode, in order to ensure maximum sensitivity, it is necessary to select the overvoltage corresponding to the maximum signal-to-noise ratio. The results obtained can be used in quantum cryptographic systems, technical means of protecting information transmitted over fiber-optic communication lines, and for the metrology of single-photon radiation sources.