Study of the copper effect in iron-gall inks after artificial ageing

Fichera, Giusj Valentina; Malagodi, Marco; Cofrancesco, Pacifico; Weththimuni, Maduka L.; Guglieri, C.; Olivi, Luca; Ruffolo, Silvestro Antonio; Licchelli, Maurizio

doi:10.1007/s11696-018-0412-z

Cited by 14 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…The presence of K was attributed to the presence of gum arabic, commonly used in inks to improve viscosity and reduce bleeding [ 29 ]. It is worth noting that the presence of K may also be attributed to the presence of iron sulfate, as reported in studies on the chemical composition of iron-based inks [ 30 , 31 ]. It was not possible to explain the increased Ca intensity in all the inked areas analysed.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 86%

Establishing the original order of the poems in Harward’s Almanac using paleography, codicology, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, and statistical analysis

Biolcati,

Woolley,

Lévêque

et al. 2023

Herit Sci

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This work presents the results of a transdisciplinary analysis performed on Harward’s Almanac (Dublin, 1666), an extremely rare volume currently housed in the National Library of Ireland. The uniqueness and historical value of the Almanac is related to the presence of nineteen handwritten poems, entered by an anonymous scribe. These record textually important English clandestine satire circulating anonymously in Dublin in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth century. Following a comprehensive historical assessment, it appeared evident that the current order of leaves was incorrect. To reconstruct the correct order of the leaves, and hence the likely sequence in which the manuscript poems were inscribed, this study employed a codicological/paleographic analysis complemented by analytical (X-ray fluorescence, XRF) and statistical (Self Organizing Map, SOM) investigation. Specifically, point XRF analysis was carried out for each handwritten page of the Almanac, allowing identification of ink elemental compositions (iron-based ink) and successfully supporting the validity of historical hypotheses on the poems’ order of inscription. The statistical organization of XRF data by SOMs allowed easy bi-dimensional visualization of the data set (54 points) and identification of ink similarities, once more validating the historical assessment.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 86%

Establishing the original order of the poems in Harward’s Almanac using paleography, codicology, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, and statistical analysis

Biolcati,

Woolley,

Lévêque

et al. 2023

Herit Sci

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“…Previous studies on iron gall ink suggest that copper could accelerate ink corrosion [12,13] and it may be possible that this is also the case for Christina's documents. However, despite some compositional tendencies and comparable Compton ratios of separate ink lines from each document enabling the distinction between different inks, there were no definite correlations between ink composition and ink corrosion, occurrence of cracks or condition of the documents (Table 2 and Fig 18).…”

Section: Plos Onementioning

confidence: 96%

“…It has been shown that gum Arabic in the ink and gelatin sizing of the paper can to some extent protect the paper fibers [ 10 , 11 ]. In addition, studies demonstrate that the nature of the vitriol affects the degradation process and that the presence of copper could accelerate the degradation [ 12 , 13 ], whereas the presence of zinc may provide a somewhat protective action [ 14 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A closer look at the Azzolino collection

Alidoost¹,

Hacke

Winther³

et al. 2023

PLoS ONE

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The state of preservation of documents from the historically significant Azzolino collection at the Swedish National Archives has been investigated and analyses carried out of the iron gall inks. The collection shows varied levels of iron gall ink corrosion. An initial visual condition survey was followed by characterisation of the writing ink with XRF spectrometry on a selection of documents. The aim was to investigate whether ink composition could be related to author or geography, and in turn to level of ink corrosion, which could then serve as a basis for decisions on treatment options. Results indicate a relative purity of the inks in this collection in terms of high iron content and low levels of other elements, entailing that elemental analysis is not a good tool to predict potential deterioration of ink in single documents from this historical context. XRF-mapping showed a possibility for discerning authors by ink composition, contributing meaningful information to questions of attribution and historical context for these documents. A tendency for the ink of Queen Christina to contain more copper than inks from the other authors, and the indication that some inks contain calcium, may be of note for further study.

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“…This process might explain the iridescent appearance of the design on the printed sheet. The presence of Fe may be due to the addition of black gall ink or FeSO 4 to create the shade of green desired by the artist [24].…”

Section: Design Pattern and Print Papersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unveiling Polychrome Printing Methods on Textiles: Preliminary Results from the Mariano Fortuny y Madrazo Collection in Venice

Farinelli,

Falchi,

da Roit

et al. 2024

Heritage

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At the beginning of the 20th century, the eclectic artist Mariano Fortuny y Madrazo patented two innovative methods for polychrome printing on fabrics and textiles, giving life to Fortuny fabric production in Venice. The first patent was related to colour application, while the second to a special machine that allows continuous printing using cylindrical rollers. Despite the descriptions, the methodology and materials used remain a secret. In collaboration with the Fortuny Museum in Venice, this research aimed at studying and identifying the different steps of Fortuny printing methodologies. Printing matrices, fabrics and raw materials found in the artist’s studio were analysed in a multi-analytical campaign through digital microscopy, X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy in attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR), μ-Raman spectroscopy and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Three main pigments were identified in paper samples: ivory black, a copper-based pigment, and a carbon black pigment with ultramarine for blues. The pigments were bound with linseed oil and colophony in varying proportions. Polychrome silk fabrics were dyed with a base colour, and then the coloured patterns were superimposed by continuous printing. Prussian blue was identified as one of the textile inks. Results provided a better understanding of printing methodology.

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Study of the copper effect in iron-gall inks after artificial ageing

Cited by 14 publications

References 28 publications

Establishing the original order of the poems in Harward’s Almanac using paleography, codicology, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, and statistical analysis

Establishing the original order of the poems in Harward’s Almanac using paleography, codicology, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, and statistical analysis

A closer look at the Azzolino collection

Unveiling Polychrome Printing Methods on Textiles: Preliminary Results from the Mariano Fortuny y Madrazo Collection in Venice

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