Study of the Crystalline Perfection, Homogeneity, Chemical Etching on the Surface, and Third‐Order Nonlinear Optical Properties of (1 1 0) Oriented Hydroxyethylammonium D‐Tartrate Monohydrate Single Crystal and Hirshfeld Surface Analysis

Abstract

The single crystal of hydroxyethylammonium D-tartrate monohydrate (HEDT) is grown along the (1 1 0) plane using the Sankaranarayanan-Ramasamy method. The powder X-ray diffraction and the high-resolution X-ray diffraction analyses are used to corroborate the growth plane and perfection of the crystallinity, respectively. The birefringence experiment has proven crystalline homogeneity and estimated birefringence value (𝚫n) is 0.109. The surface morphology of the grown crystal is examined by chemical etching analysis and irregular hillock patterns are found. The transmittance for the (1 1 0) plane of the HEDT is inspected by a UV-Vis analysis. The second harmonic generation efficiency of the HEDT crystal is 1.7 times that of potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP). The third-order nonlinear optical (TONLO) properties of the grown HEDT crystal are scrutinized by the Z-scan experiment. The estimated TONLO susceptibility of HEDT crystal is 6.827 × 10 −8 esu. The laser damage threshold value of HEDT is discovered to be 5.24 GW cm −2 . The 3D Hirshfeld surface visualizes the interaction between HEDT molecules and analyzes the distance from the surface of the molecule to the farthest and the nearest atom. The important contributions of crystal packing are explored by 2D-fingerprint plots.

Synthesis and Characterization of Single Crystals of Creatininium Hydrochloride for Third‐Order NLO Applications

“…The medium through which the light is passing at a given location determines the resulting intensity. [ 35 ] To calculate the χ (3) value, we use equations 3 and 4 which are the third‐order nonlinear susceptibility's real and imaginary components, $$$$\begin{equation}Re{\chi ^{\left( 3 \right)}}\ \left( {esu} \right) = {10^{ - 4}}\ \frac{{\epsilon _0}{C^2}n_0^2}{\pi }\end{equation}$$$$ $$$$\begin{equation}Im{\chi ^{\left( 3 \right)}}\ \left( {esu} \right) = {10^{ - 2}}\ \frac{{\epsilon _0}{C^2}n_{0\ }^2\lambda \beta }{{4{\pi ^2}}}\end{equation}$$$$…”

“…The medium through which the light is passing at a given location determines the resulting intensity. [35] To calculate the 𝜒 (3) value, we use equations 3 and 4 which are the third-order nonlinear susceptibility's real and imaginary components, Re𝜒 (3)…”