Study of the degradation of beeswax taken from a real artefact

Čížová, Katarína; Vizárová, Katarína; Ház, Aleš; Vykydalová, Anna; Cibulková, Zuzana; Šimon, Peter

doi:10.1016/j.culher.2018.04.020

Cited by 13 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Moreover, palmitate esters corresponding to unsaponified beeswax molecules were identified in this fraction (Rt = 55–58 min). Beeswax does not necessarily undergo hydrolysis with aging, and its molecules therefore can remain in their ester form [45]. In this eluted fraction, the presence of beeswax was directly characterized in samples 34, 15, 18, 66, 50, and 47.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of balms taken from Egyptian human mummies using solid‐phase extraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

Mezzatesta

Perraud²,

Vieillescazes

et al. 2020

J of Separation Science

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The aim of this paper is to establish a protocol by solid‐phase extraction–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry leading to a wide and fine qualitative chemical characterization of the several natural substances present in human mummies’ balms, using a minimal quantity of samples. In this study, nine samples were analyzed from mummies dating back from the Third Intermediate Period to the Roman Period, and were provided by the Confluences Museum (Lyon, France). Using solid‐phase extraction, three fractions were examined in this protocol. The first one, eluted with hexane, concerned chemical families of hydrocarbons of bitumen. The second, eluted with ethanol, enabled terpenic compounds to be characterized and beeswax. The last one, composed of diethyl ether with 2% acetic acid, extracted carboxylic acids with a long aliphatic chain (fatty matter) and glycerides. This study also allowed the characterization of non‐saponified compounds from beeswax to be obtained while excluding the common saponification step. The analyzed mummification balms were shown to contain fatty matter, beeswax, bitumen, and diterpenic resinous material. This one‐pot solid‐phase extraction–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry method was efficient in reducing both the number of analytical steps and the complexity of the archaeological balms subsequently analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of balms taken from Egyptian human mummies using solid‐phase extraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

Mezzatesta

Perraud²,

Vieillescazes

et al. 2020

J of Separation Science

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“…Unfortunately, such waxbased mixtures of organic materials were eventually known to be harmful for the conservation of the wall paintings, since they preclude the transpiration of the walls and darken the surface by absorbing atmospheric pollutants and dust [19,20]. In addition, they cause the yellowing and opacification of the pictorial layer [21,22], the aggravation of salt efflorescences [23], and the enhancement of biocolonization processes [24][25][26][27][28]. Apart from wax, mixtures of organic products have been also employed since the 18th century (e.g., turpentine, lavender spirit, copal gum, amber, elemi gum and sandarac) [29].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Secco Painting Technique Revealed in Non-Restored Pompeian Murals by Analytical and Imaging Techniques

Pérez-Diez,

Caruso,

Frine Nardini

et al. 2023

Preprint

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“…Diagnostic analyses (to detect the presence of cracks and evaluate the material degradation) as well as 3D technologies for digital survey of the real geometry of the artefacts are mandatory to properly asses their vulnerability, see [11,12,13,14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resistance of museum artefacts against blast loading

Masi

Stefanou

Vannucci³

et al. 2020

Journal of Cultural Heritage

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The response of museum artefacts and statues subjected to deliberate explosions of moderate intensity is investigated and their vulnerability assessed. The study focuses on the most predominant failure mechanisms, namely overturning and fracture due to the tensile stresses developed by the impact of shock waves. The rocking response is investigated relying on the existing knowledge and theory of inverted pendulum structures subjected to earthquake loadings. An analytical, established approach for determining the overturning domain, developed in a previous study, is used to investigate the critical stand-off distance between the target and the explosive in order to avoid toppling. The proposed analytical model is adopted by defining appropriate correction parameters to consider the real geometry of the museum objects. We assess the overturning domain of some emblematic statues of high aesthetic and cultural value, and namely:

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Study of the degradation of beeswax taken from a real artefact

Cited by 13 publications

References 17 publications

Analysis of balms taken from Egyptian human mummies using solid‐phase extraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

Analysis of balms taken from Egyptian human mummies using solid‐phase extraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

Secco Painting Technique Revealed in Non-Restored Pompeian Murals by Analytical and Imaging Techniques

Resistance of museum artefacts against blast loading

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