Study of the Effect of Covolumes in BKW Equation of State on Detonation Properties of CHNO Explosives

Sućeska, Muhamed; Ang, H.G.; Chan, Hay Yee Serene

doi:10.1002/prep.201100150

Cited by 20 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Modified semi-empirical BeckerKistiakowsky-Wilson (BKW) and fluid Exp-6 equations of state were used and compared. The BKWN-M (α = 0.5; β = 0.154; κ = 9.37; θ = 3650; ε = 1.54) parameter set was used [13,14].…”

Section: Calculation Of the Detonation Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tetraamminecopper(II) Nitrate and Its Effects on Ammonium Nitrate(V)

Künzel

Vodochodský

Matyáš

et al. 2017

Cent. Eur. J. Energ. Mater.

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Tetraamminecopper(II) nitrate(V) (TACN) is a complex copper salt which is easily formed when ammonium nitrate (AN) comes into contact with copper. It is considered to be an unwanted contaminant of AN because of its sensitivity to mechanical stimuli and significant explosive properties. The formation of TACN by the reaction of copper with molten ammonium nitrate(V) was demonstrated by powder diffraction. Friction and impact sensitivity testing was performed and field experiments were then conducted to reveal the detonation parameters of TACN and its initiation capability towards ammonium nitrate. The dependence of the detonation velocity on charge diameter was revealed and the ideal detonation velocity of 3500 m·s −1 at 0.87 g·cm −3 was measured. AN with the addition of 16 wt.% of TACN was found to detonate when initiated with a small booster charge. Moreover, TACN was able to initiate detonation in fertilizer grade ammonium nitrate(V) under massive steel confinement. TACN should be therefore considered as a possible contributory initiation source in some large scale accidents. In this article, some properties of TACN are revealed which could be useful for the investigation of accidents.

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Section: Calculation Of the Detonation Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tetraamminecopper(II) Nitrate and Its Effects on Ammonium Nitrate(V)

Künzel

Vodochodský

Matyáš

et al. 2017

Cent. Eur. J. Energ. Mater.

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“…The equation of state described in previous section is incorporated in EXPLO5 thermochemical equilibrium code [3][4][5]. The validity of the model is tested through the steps described below.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The equation that accurately describes the state of detonation products at extremely high temperature and pressure is of key importance in thermochemical equilibrium calculation. The semi-empirical Becker-Kistiakowski-Wilson (BKW) EOS is one of the most extensively used EOS, even though it does not have a rigorous theoretical background [1][2][3][4]. The BKW EOS has a long and venerable history in the explosives field, and generally can predict detonation properties of standard explosives with reasonable accuracy, provided the covolumes and constants in BKW EOS are accurately calibrated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Equation of State of Detonation Products Based on Exponential‐6 Potential Model and Analytical Representation of the Excess Helmholtz Free Energy

Sućeska

Braithwaite

Klapötke

et al. 2019

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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One of the most important tasks associated with theoretical prediction of performance of explosives by thermochemical calculation is accurate description of the equation of state (EOS) of detonation products. Widely used empirical equations of state, such is Becker‐Kistiakowsky‐Wilson (BKW EOS), have limited accuracy when it comes to energetic materials with unusual elemental composition. Replacing empirical EOS with more sophisticated and theoretically based EOS, the accuracy of thermochemical calculations can be increase. We present an equation of state of detonation products based on the Buckingham α‐exponential‐6 equation (Exp‐6) and an analytical representation of the excess thermodynamic functions for classical fluid mixture. The excess Helmholtz free energy, as a function of reduced density, temperature, and stiffness parameter, is calculated applying KLRR perturbation statistical mechanical theory, and so obtained data are approximated by multinomial coefficients. The interpolation domain is defined so to describe accurately the range of pressures, densities, and temperatures relevant for detonation studies. The equation is incorporated in EXPLO5 thermochemical code. Good agreement with Monte‐Carlo calculations is obtained, as well as between calculated and experimental detonation parameters for a series of explosives.

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“…The semi-empirical Becker-Kistiakowsky-Wilson (BKW) equation of state was used with the BKWN set of parameters as follows (α = 0.5; β = 0.38; κ = 9.32; θ = 4120), which is useful for thermochemical calculations of the properties of high explosives in a wide range of densities [22,23].…”

Section: Calculation Of Detonation Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Explosive Properties of Melt Cast Erythritol Tetranitrate (ETN)

Künzel¹,

Matyáš²,

Vodochodský³

et al. 2017

Cent. Eur. J. Energ. Mater.

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Erythritol tetranitrate (ETN) is a low melting, solid, nitrate ester with significant explosive properties. The increased availability of its precursor (erythritol), which is now used as a sweetener, has attracted attention to the possible misuse of ETN as an improvised explosive. However, ETN also has some potential to be used as a component of military explosives or propellants. This article focuses on the properties of melt-cast ETN. The sensitivity of the compound towards impact and friction was tested. The explosive performance was evaluated, based on cylinder expansion tests and detonation velocity measurements. The impact energy and friction force required for 50% probability of initiation was 3.79 J and 47.7 N, respectively. A Gurney velocity value of G = 2771 m·s −1 and a detonation velocity of 8027 m·s −1 at a charge density of 1.700 g·cm −3, were found for the melt-cast material. The sensitivity characteristics of melt-cast ETN does not differ significantly from either literature values or the authors' data measured using the crystalline material. The explosive performance properties were found to be close to those of PETN.

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Study of the Effect of Covolumes in BKW Equation of State on Detonation Properties of CHNO Explosives

Abstract: a] Jouguet state. It particularly applies to oxygen-deficient explosives and at higher densities, where formic acid appears to be an important detonation product.

Cited by 20 publications

References 27 publications

Tetraamminecopper(II) Nitrate and Its Effects on Ammonium Nitrate(V)

Tetraamminecopper(II) Nitrate and Its Effects on Ammonium Nitrate(V)

Equation of State of Detonation Products Based on Exponential‐6 Potential Model and Analytical Representation of the Excess Helmholtz Free Energy

Explosive Properties of Melt Cast Erythritol Tetranitrate (ETN)

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