Study of the effect of cypermethrin on the spider Polybetes phytagoricus in different energy states

Self Cite

The use of pesticides for plague control in agroecosystems generates a threat to wildlife and a major problem for human health. Pesticide compounds are also an important source of water and atmosphere contamination. Although insecticides are effective on their target organisms, they often affect organisms that are not their target. The aim of the present study was to research the effects of 3 types of neurotoxic insecticides-a pyrethroid (cypermethrin), a neonicotinoid (imidacloprid), and an organophosphate (chlorpyrifos)-on behavioral and physiological parameters of Pardosa saltans spider (Lycosidae). Our study analyzed for the first time the exploratory behavior of the spider mothers in the presence of these 3 insecticides on their egg-sacs and also on the ground. We also evaluated the oxidative stress effects on the juveniles hatched in the egg-sac protected by silk in relation to variations in detoxification enzymes (catalase, glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione-S-transferase, and glutathione peroxidase) and lipid peroxidation (reactive oxygen species [ROS]). The results show that these insecticides are repellents for mothers (cypermethrin is the most repellent), and maternal behavior is modified after detection of an insecticide on their egg-sac but mothers do not abandon their egg-sacs. These neurotoxic insecticides affect the juveniles inside their egg-sac. Cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos caused more oxidative stress in juveniles than did imidacloprid. The ROS generated by these insecticides seemed to be adequately eliminated by the juveniles' antioxidant systems.

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Can Wolf Spider Mothers Detect Insecticides in the Environment? Does the Silk of the Egg-Sac Protect Juveniles from Insecticides?

Laino

Romero

Cunningham

et al. 2021

Self Cite

“…When M. maculissparsus was exposed to imidacloprid, the activities of GPx and GST did not increase as has been recently observed in P. saltans for this insecticide (Laino et al, 2021). The activity of GR remained similar to control values, which does not coincide with the finding in juveniles of P. saltans , where imidacloprid was seen to increase that activity (Laino et al, 2021), or in females of P. pythagoricus on exposure to cypermethrin (Laino & García, 2020).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 56%

“…One of the enzymes acting against free radicals is SOD and later CAT. This double induction was recently observed in the spider Polybetes pythagoricus (Sparassidae) treated with cypermethrin (Laino & García, 2020) and in Xerolycosa nemoralis (Lycosidae) exposed to dimethoate (Wilczek et al, 2013). In the example of insects, this induction has been observed in Lymantria dispar (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) after exposure to the organophosphate malondialdehyde (Aslanturk et al, 2011) and in Oxya chinensis (Orthoptera: Acrididae) after exposure to chlorpyrifos and malathion (Wu et al, 2011).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 71%

Behavioral, Histological, and Physiological Evaluation of the Effect of Imidacloprid on the Spider Misumenops maculissparsus

Gabellone¹,

Molina

Arrighetti

et al. 2022

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of the neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid (commercial formulation) on juveniles of the spider Misumenops maculissparsus (Keyserling, 1891). We first analyzed whether spiders recognized the presence of the insecticide on surfaces and in drinking water (in the form of droplets). Next, we investigated if the insecticide generated histologic, physiologic, and/or biochemical alterations. We observed that spiders do not detect the insecticide on a surface (e.g., paper) or in the form of droplets. After the imidacloprid ingestion by droplet intake, most spiders exhibited a paralysis that reverted after 48 h. Consequently, we observed histopathologic damage (i.e., pigment accumulation, necrosis, and cuticle detachment), and an increased catalase (CAT) activity and total-protein concentration in the individuals treated. The activities of glutathione-S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and superoxide dismutase, however, did not undergo significant variations. The results obtained emphasize the need to consider different classes of biomarkers, such as CAT and other proteins, to identify and evaluate the histologic, biologic, and biochemical effects of imidacloprid, one of the most widely used insecticides.

“…All treated spiders survived exposure to the pesticide. A dorsal incision was made in the opisthosoma integument to remove the midgut diverticulum (MD), which is a metabolically active organ in chemical‐compound detoxification (Laino & Garcia, 2020). The MDs were dissected as described by Laino et al (2009), and weighed on an analytical balance (Mettler‐Toledo New Classic MS‐204).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of the Insecticide Chlorpyrifos on Behavioral and Metabolic Aspects of the Spider Polybetes pythagoricus

Molina

Laino

Florencia

et al. 2023

The toxicity of pesticides to organisms depends on the total amount of chemical exposure. Toxicity can be minimized if the organism recognizes the pesticide and alters its behavior. Furthermore, the physical barrier of cuticular hydrocarbons can prevent the entrance of the pesticide into the organism. Finally, if the pesticide enters the body, the organism experiences physiological changes favoring detoxification and the maintenance of homeostasis. We analyzed the behavioral and metabolic response of the spider Polybetes pythagoricus at different times of exposure to the organophosphate pesticide chlorpyrifos. First we observed that the individuals are capable of recognizing and avoiding surfaces treated with pesticides based on a behavioral analysis. Subsequently, we characterized cuticular hydrocarbons as a possible barrier against pesticides. Then we observed that the pesticide provoked histological damage, mainly at the level of the midgut diverticula. Finally, we analyzed the activity of several of the spider's enzymes linked to oxidative stress after exposure to chlorpyrifos for different lengths of time (6, 24, and 48 h). We observed that catalase activity was high at the start, whereas the activity of superoxide dismutase and glutathione S-transferase changed significantly at 48 h. Lipid peroxidation became high at 6 h, but decreased at 48 h. In conclusion, although P. pythagoricus can avoid contact with chlorpyrifos, this pesticide causes activation of the antioxidant system when it enters the body. Our results make a significant contribution to the ecotoxicology of spiders.