Study of the effects of chronic arsenic poisoning in rat kidneys by means of synchrotron microscopic x-ray fluorescence analysis

Use of synchrotron radiation X‐ray fluorescence and X‐ray absorption spectroscopy to investigate bioaccumulation, molecular target, and biotransformation of volcanic elements

“…Measurements were performed in air, whereas X‐ray fluorescence spectra were collected using a Silicon Drift Detector. Samples were set in the horizontal plane at 90° from the incident beam to minimize scattering (conventional incidence geometry: 45–45°), as previously reported . They were positioned in the image plane within an accuracy of 0.5 μm with a three‐axis ( x, y, z ) remote controlled stage.…”

“…An interesting alternative is synchrotron radiation X‐ray fluorescence (SRXRF), because brilliant, penetrating, high‐energy X‐rays produced by a synchrotron allow direct trace level analysis of a wide range of elements with high spatial resolution, without destroying the sample. Indeed, we previously demonstrated that the bioaccumulation of toxic elements in the tissues of experimentally exposed animals can be spatially resolved with a resolution up to 20 μm and in few seconds (2D mapping, or 3D imaging) by SRXRF and X‐ray fluorescence computed tomography at the X‐Ray Fluorescence Facility (D09B‐XRF) of the Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS) . As well, chemical speciation of elements in biological samples was carried out at the LNLS by synchrotron radiation total reflection X‐ray fluorescence analysis combined with X‐ray absorption near edge spectroscopy (XANES), allowing arsenic speciation without previous extraction procedures .…”

“…As well, chemical speciation of elements in biological samples was carried out at the LNLS by synchrotron radiation total reflection X‐ray fluorescence analysis combined with X‐ray absorption near edge spectroscopy (XANES), allowing arsenic speciation without previous extraction procedures . Another advantage of SRXRF lies in that samples can usually be analyzed without pretreatment . This is particularly important when a large number of samples need to be analyzed, as often happens in environmental monitoring .…”

“…Indeed, we previously demonstrated that the bioaccumulation of toxic elements in the tissues of experimentally exposed animals can be spatially resolved with a resolution up to 20 μm and in few seconds (2D mapping, or 3D imaging) by SRXRF and X-ray fluorescence computed tomography at the X-Ray Fluorescence Facility (D09B-XRF) of the Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS). [2][3][4][5][6][7] As well, chemical speciation of elements in biological samples was carried out at the LNLS by synchrotron radiation total reflection X-ray fluorescence analysis combined with X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy (XANES), allowing arsenic speciation without previous extraction procedures. [5] Another advantage of SRXRF lies in that samples can usually be analyzed without pretreatment.…”

“…[5] Another advantage of SRXRF lies in that samples can usually be analyzed without pretreatment. [2][3][4][5][6][7][8] This is particularly important when a large number of samples need to be analyzed, as often happens in environmental monitoring. [9] In order to highlight the wide range of data that can be obtained by SRXRF in the field of environmental sciences, volcanic environments were selected.…”