Study of the extraction of Ca, Mg and Zn from different types of lubricating oils (mineral, semi-synthetic and synthetic) employing the emulsion breaking strategy

Ionic liquid assisted extraction induced by emulsion breaking for extraction of trace metals in diesel, gasoline and kerosene prior to ICP-OES analysis

“…Moreover, some of the metals in fuel oils are in trace levels (ppb-ppt) and require preconcentration step [ 12 ]. The most popular extraction and preconcentration methods reported for determination of metal ions in fuel oils are solid phase extraction (SPE) and liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) [ [19] , [20] , [21] , [22] , [23] , [24] ]. The limitations with SPE is the prolonged separation step of the target analyte from the sorbent [ 17 , 25 ].…”

“…Moreover, some adsorbents are less selective towards the metals and require functionalization step, which increases analysis cost [ 26 ]. On the other hand, liquid-liquid micro-extraction (LLME), and extraction induced by emulsion breaking (EIEB) are the most reported LLE methods for extraction of metals in oily matrices [ 9 , [27] , [28] , [29] , [30] ]. The use of EIEB has gained more popularity, because a total of 45 publications were reported from 2010 to 2022 [ 19 , 31 ].…”

“…A surfactant is an organic substance that has both the hydrophilic and hydrophobic functional groups [ 33 ]. The different surfactants reported in literature are Triton X-100 [ 19 , [34] , [35] , [36] ], Triton X-114 [ 19 , 21 , 36 , 37 ],Tween 20, Tween 40 and Tween 80 [ 32 ] with various properties. The Triton X-114 and Triton X-100 can give stable emulsions which results in very good recoveries [ 32 , 36 ].…”