Study of the impact of land use and hydrogeological settings on the shallow groundwater quality in a peri-urban area of Kampala, Uganda

Kulabako, N. R.; Nalubega, M.; Thunvik, Roger

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.03.035

Cited by 108 publications

(102 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The high moisture content loading is as a result of added grey water used for cleaning, water used for anal cleansing and urine excreted directly or poured in the pit. Other sources of moisture in form of water can be surface run off from the steep slopes into the pit latrines on low lying land, and intrusion of ground water due to rainfall which raises the ground water table since the pit latrines are unlined (Nyenje, 2014;Kulabako et al, 2007). The results further indicate that there is an interaction between the pit contents and the pit environment such as soil types, ground water levels, topography and rainfall distribution.…”

Section: Variations Of Faecal Sludge Quality Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Results showed that FS had less Phosphorus (P), Nitrogen (N) and Potassium (P) represented by the low correlations (Table 3). This was as a result of the degradation process where volatile solids are lost and some potassium, phosphorus and nitrogen are converted into total solids, of which some are lost in the shallow ground water through the movement of soluble substances out of the pit latrine (Kulabako et al, 2007). The increase in total solids could also be as a result of addition of non-biodegradable material into the pit such as household waste, plastics, solid anal cleansing materials such as hard papers (Buckley et al, 2008) and sediments transported through erosion or run-off.…”

Section: Variations Of Faecal Sludge Quality Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a result, in some places, faecal matter accumulates around homes and in garbage dumps (Katukiza et al, 2010). During rainy seasons, people empty their full pit latrines into nearby drainage channels contributing to water pollution and poor sanitation in the city (Kulabako et al, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A critical analysis of physiochemical properties influencing pit latrine emptying and feacal sludge disposal in Kampala Slums, Uganda

Zziwa¹,

Nabulime²,

Kiggundu³

et al. 2016

Afr. J. Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Inadequate information on physiochemical properties of faecal sludge leads to inappropriate design of pit emptying devices and poor faecal sludge disposal contributing to environmental pollution. This study undertook a critical analysis of physiochemical properties of feacal sludge that influence design and performance of pit emptying devices and faecal sludge disposal for improved faecal sludge management in urban slums. The physiochemical properties determined were; Moisture content (MC), ash content (AC), total solids (TS), volatile solids (VS), nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), potassium (K) and pH. Samples were collected from 55 unlined pits at depths of 0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 m from pit surface. The unlined pits in this study were purposively selected from slums in Kampala. A sample of 300 g was sucked from each depth using a manual sampling tool and emptied into a plastic container. The container was then wrapped in a black plastic bag and transported in cooler boxes to the lab for analysis. The properties were subjected to Principal Component Analysis to isolate the critical parameters that affect pit emptying and faecal sludge disposal. The mean results were: MC of 86 ± 8.37%; TS of 0.14 ± 0.08 g/g wet sample; VS of 0.73 ± 0.32 g/g dry sample; pH of 8.0 ± 1.5; AC of 0.35± 0.18 g/g dry sample; TN of 3.5 ± 0.08%; K of 2.2± 0.13% and P of 1.4± 0.05%. It was concluded that physiochemical properties in Ugandan pits are comparable to those of global pits except for the acidic conditions at top surface in some pits, and higher moisture content in pits due to the high water table. PCA results showed that moisture content and total solids affected pit emptying techniques while fractional content of N, P and pH affect most choice of faecal sludge disposal technique.

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Section: Variations Of Faecal Sludge Quality Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Variations Of Faecal Sludge Quality Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

A critical analysis of physiochemical properties influencing pit latrine emptying and feacal sludge disposal in Kampala Slums, Uganda

Zziwa¹,

Nabulime²,

Kiggundu³

et al. 2016

Afr. J. Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…It was anticipated that the local water table level would be associated with contamination. For example, Kulabako et al (2007) reported that the level of faecal contaminants increased in areas in Kampala with a higher water table. However, in the current study, the static water level was not significant; nevertheless, the results do not exclude the possibility that local and/ or ephemeral aquifers influenced contamination, considering that local variations might not be correctly estimated based on the 33 locations used for estimation of the static water level elsewhere in Juba.…”

Section: Missing Spatial Risk Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Applying spatial regression to evaluate risk factors for microbiological contamination of urban groundwater sources in Juba, South Sudan

2016

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This study developed methodology for statistically assessing groundwater contamination mechanisms. It focused on microbial water pollution in low-income regions. Risk factors for faecal contamination of groundwater-fed drinking-water sources were evaluated in a case study in Juba, South Sudan. The study was based on counts of thermotolerant coliforms in water samples from 129 sources, collected by the humanitarian aid organisation Médecins Sans Frontières in 2010. The factors included hydrogeological settings, land use and socio-economic characteristics. The results showed that the residuals of a conventional probit regression model had a significant positive spatial autocorrelation (Moran's I = 3.05, I-stat = 9.28); therefore, a spatial model was developed that had better goodness-of-fit to the observations. The most significant factor in this model (p-value 0.005) was the distance from a water source to the nearest Tukul area, an area with informal settlements that lack sanitation services. It is thus recommended that future remediation and monitoring efforts in the city be concentrated in such low-income regions. The spatial model differed from the conventional approach: in contrast with the latter case, lowland topography was not significant at the 5% level, as the p-value was 0.074 in the spatial model and 0.040 in the traditional model. This study showed that statistical risk-factor assessments of groundwater contamination need to consider spatial interactions when the water sources are located close to each other. Future studies might further investigate the cut-off distance that reflects spatial autocorrelation. Particularly, these results advise research on urban groundwater quality.

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“…The pit latrines were not meant for solid waste disposal but given the poor management practices in the slum areas (Musiige, 2010) they fill up when the owners and users are not well-prepared for their emptying (Still et al, 2013). Desperate times call for desperate measures and so the pit latrines are either used when full or pit users seek alternative methods such as use of plastic bags and emptying into streams during the rainy season leading to a deplorable sanitation in the areas (Kulabako et al, 2007;Kimuli et al, 2016). This affects the environment and health of the residents in these areas with frequent opportunistic disease (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling sludge accumulation rates in lined pit latrines in slum areas of Kampala City, Uganda

Lugali¹,

Zziwa²,

Banadda³

et al. 2016

Afr. J. Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Disposal of faecal sludge particularly in slum areas is a difficult undertaking given the lack of space and resources. Inaccurate prediction of sludge accumulation rates (SAR) in pit latrines leads to unplanned pit latrine emptying. Given that the users and owners cannot afford the conventional emptying techniques frequently, inappropriate methods such as open defecation and emptying into storm drainages are employed which consequently contribute to environmental and health-related challenges. The main objective of this study was to develop a predictive model for sludge accumulation rates in lined pit latrines in slum areas of Kampala so as to guide routine management of pit latrines. This mathematical model was developed using a mass balance approach with a sample space of 55 lined pits. The developed model gave an average sludge accumulation rate of 81±25 litres/person/year with an efficiency of 0.52 and adjusted R 2 value of 0.50. The model was found to be sufficient and most suited for rental and public pit latrines given their bigger percentage in the slums. Further studies should include geo-physical characterization of soil and drainage of pit latrine sites so as to improve model accuracy.

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Study of the impact of land use and hydrogeological settings on the shallow groundwater quality in a peri-urban area of Kampala, Uganda

Cited by 108 publications

References 13 publications

A critical analysis of physiochemical properties influencing pit latrine emptying and feacal sludge disposal in Kampala Slums, Uganda

A critical analysis of physiochemical properties influencing pit latrine emptying and feacal sludge disposal in Kampala Slums, Uganda

Applying spatial regression to evaluate risk factors for microbiological contamination of urban groundwater sources in Juba, South Sudan

Modeling sludge accumulation rates in lined pit latrines in slum areas of Kampala City, Uganda

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