Study of the impact of epoxidized plant oil phospholipids and hydroxyl radicals on crosslinked epoxy resins

Abstract

The detrimental environmental consequences of global plastic pollution and the imperative transition, by following the key principles of sustainable development, fully tap the use of renewable feedstocks such as vegetable oil to utilize their functionalities over fossil-based resources. The current research has developed a novel biobased additive obtained as a byproduct through aromatization of epoxidized corn oil (ECO) using diglycidyl ether aromatic compounds of epoxy resin (EP). The hybrid matrix was made with an ECO content ranging from 10% to 50%. Spectral, elemental, mechanical property, thermal, morphological, and fire hazards analyses revealed that the experimental results of the EPECO50 blend had a 34.94% hydrogen and oxygen added content, resulting in a 62% decrease in flammability when compared to a conventional petroleum-based mix. Interestingly, the established presence of phospholipids and significant adsorption in the hydroxyl bands support the good intrinsic flame retardancy capabilities of the blend. As a result of the proposed synthesis mechanism, the covalent bonding between epoxy and ECO suggests lower toxicity, as shown by cone calorimetry, with a high reduced yield of CO 2 (99%) and CO (98%) and, more importantly, the blend is a potential green flame retardant biobased additive. In practice, people die in a fire due to the lack of oxygen and inhalation of harmful smoke; hence, the reduction in total smoke production and CO 2 and CO emissions clearly helps the smoke suppression of epoxy thermosets when potentially reinforced with biocomposites.

Characterization of the Thermoset Blend of a Vinyl Ester Resin with Eco-friendly Epoxidized Corn Oil as a Potential Sustainable Composite Matrix Resin

“…As previously disclosed in our research, the improvement was due to the catalytic effect of P-based fragments from phospholipids and O–H radicals, as proposed in Figure d. The inherent flame-retardant effects borne by these groups slow down the release of heat of the DGEBA epoxy matrix during combustion …”

“…The inherent flame-retardant effects borne by these groups slow down the release of heat of the DGEBA epoxy matrix during combustion. 58 This is as well supported by the spectral analysis, FTIR, see Figure S4, where the band for P−O was identified in the matrix blend starting at 1233 cm −1 in VEECO15 and that due to the stretching vibrations of symmetric ester P−O−C was observed at 1041 cm −1 . 59 By possible application, in a fire accident, the reduction in emissions of CO and CO 2 , as shown in Figure 7e,f, provides sufficient evidence of smoke suppression of VE thermosets when applied in an accidental fire.…”

“…So, it is recommended to consider about and evaluate the whole trend. Furthermore, theoretically speaking, the concept has already been established where mixtures are often unstable at negative free energy and the free energy becomes more negative as the mixtures phase-separate further. , …”

“…Furthermore, theoretically speaking, the concept has already been established where mixtures are often unstable at negative free energy and the free energy becomes more negative as the mixtures phase-separate further. 36,58 The activation energy for the glass transition of a polymer represents the potential energy barrier that the motion of the chain segments has to overcome for the transition to occur. It is known that the properties of a polymer undergo a drastic change while passing from the glassy state to the elastomeric state.…”

In-situ effects on vinyl ester resin’s flammability and mechanical properties after adding maleated epoxy resin/epoxidized corn oil thermoset blend additive

“…From the optimal blend result of our previous study [22] of the addition of 50% of epoxidized corn oil (ECO) into epoxy (EP) resin, which is abbreviated as EPECO, the two materials were manually mixed with a 5:4 ratio of MTHA as a hardener on a molding plate and cured in a curing oven for 120°C for 10 h. Using a high-speed waring laboratory blender set at a 3-minute timer, the cured resin blend was pulverized until it was totally refined. Using a 1:2 solvent ratio of maleic anhydride and acetone prepared in 100 mL, EPECO powder (5% (w/v) of the total volume) was dissolved using overhead stirring set at room temperature.…”