“…Scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) has provided striking images of the various surface reconstructions that form under different thermal and adsorption treatments [15][16][17]. These studies have also identified several UHV procedures for obtaining clean, ordered surfaces, including annealing in a Si flux [18], high-temperature (1150 • C) annealing followed by subsequent Si deposition [19], flashing to 1250 • C [20], Si molecular beam etching at 900-1000 • C [21], and annealing under ethylene exposure [22]. These surface electronic and chemical analysis techniques have typical sensitivities at the 10 13 cm −2 , i.e., 1% surface concentration, level.…”