Study of the photoinduced transformations of sertraline in aqueous media

Calza, Paola; Jiménez‐Holgado, Cristina; Coha, Marco; Chrimatopoulos, Christoforos; Bello, Federica Dal; Medana, Claudio; Sakkas, Vasilios A.

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143805

Cited by 36 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…SER has been found as a moderately toxic compound (EC = 20 mg L −1 ) [ 13 ]. ECOSAR program predicted that SER and its by-products were very toxic to fish, daphnia and algae, except by-product SER-6, which shows an acute toxicity LC 50 for fish up to 10.8 mg/L, and is classified as a harmful compound ( Table 5 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Based on the predicted ecotoxicity values, SER, CLO, CIT, and their transformation products (TPs), could be classified according to the system established by the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) [46] (Table 4). SER has been found as a moderately toxic compound (EC = 20 mg L −1 ) [13]. ECOSAR program predicted that SER and its by-products were very toxic to fish, daphnia and algae, except by-product SER-6, which shows an acute toxicity LC 50 for fish up to 10.8 mg/L, and is classified as a harmful compound (Table 5).…”

Section: Prediction Of Ecotoxicity Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As well, Villain et al classified these 3 drugs as class 1 toxicity, where metabolites should be analyzed in priority and the ecotoxicity can be estimated with QSAR models [ 12 ]. Calza et al has found that after 20 min of solar light irradiation, SER and its photoproducts, in the presence of TiO 2 display higher acute toxicity potential (based on ECOSAR software) [ 13 ]).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to the literature data, irradiation with simulated solar light in pure water yielded a half-life of 65 d for CIT [ 14 ], 8 h for CLO [ 4 ] and between 6 min at pH 12 and > 1 h at pH 5 for SER [ 15 ]. The phototransformation of SER and CIT were also reported to be sensitized by the natural organic matter, NOM, present in surface water [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ]. Indeed, NOM that contains humified light-absorbing compounds can photoinduce the degradation of chemicals through the generation of reactive species such as hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) and superoxide radical anion (O 2 − ) [ 17 ], 1 O 2 [ 18 , 19 ], oxidant triplet excited state ( 3 NOM * ) [ 20 ], and hydroxyl radical (HO . )…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Phototransformation of Three Psychoactive Drugs in Presence of Sedimental Water Extractable Organic Matter

2021

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Psychoactive drugs are classified as contaminants of emerging concern but there is limited information on their fate in surface waters. Here, we studied the photodegradation of three psychoactive drugs (sertraline, clozapine, and citalopram) in the presence of organic matter (WEOM) extracted under mild conditions from sediment of Lake Pamvotis, Greece. Spectral characterization of WEOM confirmed its humic-like nature. Preliminary experiments using chemical probes showed that WEOM was able to produce oxidant triplet excited state (3WEOM*), singlet oxygen (1O2), and hydroxyl radicals under irradiation with simulated solar light. Then, WEOM at 5 mgC L−1 was irradiated in the presence of the three drugs. It enhanced their phototransformation by a factor of 2, 4.2, and 16 for sertraline, clozapine, and citalopram, respectively. The drastic inhibiting effect of 2-propanol (5 × 10−3 M) on the reactions demonstrated that hydroxyl radical was the key intermediate responsible for drugs photodegradation. A series of photoproducts were identified by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (HR-MS). The photodegradation of the three drugs proceeded through several pathways, in particular oxidations of the rings with or without O atom inclusion, N elimination, and substitution of the halogen by OH. The formation of halogenated aromatics was observed for sertraline. To conclude, sedimental natural organic matter can significantly phototransform the studied antidepressant drugs and these reactions need to be more investigated. Finally, ecotoxicity was estimated for the three target analytes and their photoproducts, using the Ecological Structure Activity Relationships (ECOSAR) computer program.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Prediction Of Ecotoxicity Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Phototransformation of Three Psychoactive Drugs in Presence of Sedimental Water Extractable Organic Matter

2021

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“…Furthermore, the peak base at m / z 274.0868 corresponds to the contemporaneous loss of one molecule of H 2 O and NH(CH 3 ) 2 group, whereas a further loss of H 2 O molecule is observed at very low intensity as it occurs on the fluorobenzene ring ( m / z 256.1762). For the above-mentioned reasons, differently from the hypothesis of Osawa and co-workers [ 6 ], it may be assumed that the hydroxylation occurred on the benzene ring alongside the detachment of the fluorine atom, as already reported for the photocatalytic degradation of similar structures [ 33 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of the Aquatic Photolytic and Photocatalytic Degradation of Citalopram

et al. 2021

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This study investigated the direct and indirect photochemical degradation of citalopram (CIT), a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), under natural and artificial solar radiation. Experiments were conducted in a variety of different operating conditions including Milli-Q (MQ) water and natural waters (lake water and municipal WWT effluent), as well as in the presence of natural water constituents (organic matter, nitrate and bicarbonate). Results showed that indirect photolysis can be an important degradation process in the aquatic environment since citalopram photo-transformation in the natural waters was accelerated in comparison to MQ water both under natural and simulated solar irradiation. In addition, to investigate the decontamination of water from citalopram, TiO2-mediated photocatalytic degradation was carried out and the attention was given to mineralization and toxicity evaluation together with the identification of by-products. The photocatalytic process gave rise to the formation of transformation products, and 11 of them were identified by HPLC-HRMS, whereas the complete mineralization was almost achieved after 5 h of irradiation. The assessment of toxicity of the treated solutions was performed by Microtox bioassay (Vibrio fischeri) and in silico tests showing that citalopram photo-transformation involved the formation of harmful compounds.

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