Study of the stability of gonyautoxins in acidic solution

Louzao, M. Carmen; Alfonso, Amparo; Cabado, Ana G.; Botana, Ana M.; Goenaga, Xabier; Vieytes, Mercedes R.; Botana, Luís M.

doi:10.1007/bf00322935

Cited by 14 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Then we tested some mussel extracts kept in dilute acidic solutions. We have previously demonstrated that those toxins can be kept in acidic solutions for a long period of time without any loss of potency (3,22).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…PSP standards of STX, gonyautoxins 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 (GTX1, GTX2, GTX3, GTX4, GTX5, GTX6), and neosaxitoxin (neoSTX) were obtained in our laboratory as previously reported (3,21,22). The identification of each toxin was performed by HPLC in a C8 column with postcolumn derivatization (3,21,22).…”

Section: Psp Isolation and Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The identification of each toxin was performed by HPLC in a C8 column with postcolumn derivatization (3,21,22).…”

Section: Psp Isolation and Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Saxitoxin is the representative best-known component of the PSP toxin group. The mechanism of action is common to all of them even though each toxin exhibits a different potency and a variable relative abundance in natural samples (3,4). PSP toxins block neuronal transmission by binding to the voltage-gated Na ϩ channel, thus inhibiting the influx of Na ϩ ions and preventing nerve cells from producing action potentials (5,6).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Fluorimetric Method Based on Changes in Membrane Potential for Screening Paralytic Shellfish Toxins in Mussels

Louzao

Vieytes

Sousa

et al. 2001

Analytical Biochemistry

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Psp Isolation and Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The identification of each toxin was performed by HPLC in a C8 column with postcolumn derivatization (3,21,22).…”

Section: Psp Isolation and Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Fluorimetric Method Based on Changes in Membrane Potential for Screening Paralytic Shellfish Toxins in Mussels

Louzao

Vieytes

Sousa

et al. 2001

Analytical Biochemistry

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“…Optimized conditions for extraction of PSPtoxins from shellfish with 0.1 N HCI are standardized (AOAC, 1990;Nagashima et al, 1990), in contrast to the case with phytoplankton. The stability of pure gonyauxtoxin standards in acid solution (Louzao et al, 1994b), and the effect of lyophilization of the same toxins (Louzao et al, 1994a) have been investigated, but the stability of PSP-toxins in phytoplankton extracts has not been investigated before. In the present study the extraction procedure, efficiency of hydrochloric and acetic acid (0.01-1.0 N) extractions with respect to the total amount of toxin and change in toxin profile, and stability at -20 C of plankton extracts are investigated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Standardized extraction method for paralytic shellfish toxins in phytoplankton

Ravn¹,

Anthoni

Christophersen

et al. 1995

J Appl Phycol

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The optimal conditions were established for extraction of paralytic shellfish toxins from a Danish clone of Alexandrium tamarense using extraction with acetic acid and HC1 in the concentration range 0.01-1.0 N. Physical destruction of the cells was investigated microscopically to select the most efficient extraction procedure.The toxin content was quantitated by an automized isocratic reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. The best results as judged from the total amount of toxins and the toxin profile were obtained using 0.05-1.0 N acetic acid and 0.01-0.02 N HC1. Hydrochloric acid in the concentration range 0.03-1.0 N caused the amount of C1 and C2 toxins to decrease sharply and concomitant increase of gonyautoxins 2 and 3.The phytoplankton extracts with 0.1 to 0.5 N acetic acid or 0.01 N HCl were stable during 6 months at -20 °C, but the extracts with HC1 > 0.02 N underwent a change in toxin profile, although the total amount of toxins was constant.

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Measurement of Algal Toxins in the Environment

Botana

Louzao

Alfonso

et al. 2009

Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry

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Algal toxins are important from an analytical point of view because they need to be constantly scrutinized owing to the danger they pose to consumers when they concentrate in filter‐feeding shellfish or in drinking water and fish. Their chemical diversity is very large, with each group having many analogs. Each group has different pharmacological activities, although not all the mechanisms of action are understood. The main marine toxin groups are as follows: saxitoxin and analogs, okadaic acid and dinophysistoxins, azaspiracids, yessotoxins, pectenotoxins, cyclic imines, domoic acid, ciguatoxins, brevetoxins, palytoxin, gambierol, and polycavernoside. The main cyanobacterial toxins considered are hepatotoxins such as microcystins, nodularin, and cylindrospermopsin. The research concerning marine toxins is underdeveloped owing to a historic scarcity of standards. This has delayed not only the progress in their pharmacology but also the development of methods for detection and measurement. In the current situation, the mouse bioassay is the most common method being used to measure them. New methods are rapidly emerging as future solutions: (i) functional and nonanalytical methods, which provide information on their toxicity and quantify the toxin group (cell assays, receptor assays, biosensor assays), (ii) biochemical methods that do not provide information on toxicity (antibody‐based methods), and (iii) analytical methods, which identify the species in each toxin group, and can quantify those for which standards are available. The main drawback of these methods is the lack of toxicity equivalent factors, which allow the conversion of toxin amounts to toxic values of a reference toxin. None of these methods has been validated, and therefore much remains to be done in the field.

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Study of the stability of gonyautoxins in acidic solution

Cited by 14 publications

References 10 publications

A Fluorimetric Method Based on Changes in Membrane Potential for Screening Paralytic Shellfish Toxins in Mussels

A Fluorimetric Method Based on Changes in Membrane Potential for Screening Paralytic Shellfish Toxins in Mussels

Standardized extraction method for paralytic shellfish toxins in phytoplankton

Measurement of Algal Toxins in the Environment

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