“…Titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) in thin films has been extensively used in a wide range of applications, such as sensors, self-cleaning, protective or antireflective layers, electrodes in electrochromic devices, electron transport layers in emerging photovoltaic cells (dyesensitized, perovskite and polymeric cells), photocatalysts, pigments, etc., due to its high transparency across the visible spectrum, appropriate band gap, effective charge separation ability, low toxicity and low price [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. Titanium dioxide (titania) also displays abundant surface hydroxyl (OH) groups, high defect density and enhanced absorption in the ultraviolet (UV) range, such as UV materials [9][10][11][12][13].…”