Study on a novel polyamide-urea reverse osmosis composite membrane (ICIC–MPD)I. Preparation and characterization of ICIC–MPD membrane

Influence of chitosan coating on the separation performance, morphology and anti-fouling properties of the polyamide nanofiltration membranes

“…So, pretreatment of polluted feed solution and surface modification of membrane surface to lower charge and roughness and enhancement of hydrophilicity properties is a potential procedure to improving anti-fouling membranes. Several strategies exist to hydrophilic modification of membrane surface including: new interfacial polymerization monomers [7], improvement of interfacial polymerization process [8], surface adsorption [9,10], surface coating [11,12], hydrophilization treatment [13], radical grafting [14,15], chemical coupling [16,17], plasma polymerization or plasma-induced polymerization [18], initiated chemical vapor deposition [19] and incorporation of nanoparticles into the membrane structure [20,21]. But, most of these methods need to special instruments or conditions which limit their application.…”

Synthesis and characterization of thin film composite reverse osmosis membranes via novel interfacial polymerization approach

“…Traditionally, the active skin layers synthesized via interfacial polymerization have varying physicochemical property and mechanical strength depending on the types of monomers. Whereas more recently, the production of thin film composite RO membrane by in situ polycondensation of polyfunction amides [11][12][13][14] such as aliphatic or aromatic diamine, poly(aminostyrene), poly(m-aminostyreneco-vinyl alcohol), m-phenylenediamine-5-sulfonic acid and the polyfunction acid chlorides [12,[15][16][17] as trimesoyl chloride (TMC), isophthaloyl chloride, terephthaloyl chloride, monomer-5-isocyanato-isophthaloyl chloride and 3,3 ,5,5 -biphenyl tetraacyl chloride had been investigated. Among these membranes, the thin film composite of RO membrane, which is produced by the interfacial polymerization of m-phenylenediamine (MPD) and trimesoyl chloride (TMC), has become the most successful commercial product [2,8].…”

Thin Film Nanocomposite Membranes for Water Desalination

“…As shown in Figure 7.5b, the novel ''PA-urea'' RO membranes comprised aromatic PA with functional bonds such as urea (−NHCONH-) showed both superior water flux and salt rejection to the traditional commercial TMC-MPD membrane [97]. The TFC RO membranes with PA-urethane as the active layer included the amide functional group -CONH-, urethane functional group -OCONH-, and the hydroxyl functional group -OH.…”

“…(Source: Reproduced by permission of The Royal Society of Chemistry). (b) Interfacial polymerization of polyamide-urea and urethane[14,97].…”