Study on barium titanate and graphene reinforced PVDF matrix for 4D applications

Abstract

This article reports the experimental investigations of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) matrix-based composite feedstock filament (reinforced with barium titanate (BTO) and graphene (Gr) for possible 4-D printing applications) using fused deposition modeling (FDM). The mechanical, rheological, thermal, and morphological properties of in-house prepared FDM filament are also reported. The FDM feedstock filament was prepared with a twin-screw extruder (TSE). The process parameters of TSE for preparation of smart material-based filament with uniform dispersion of reinforcement (BTO and Gr) in the PVDF matrix have also been explored. Finally, the prepared filament has been used on FDM setup (without any change in hardware/software) for printing piezoelectric sensor with 4-D capabilities. The results of the study suggest that BTO and Gr have significant effect on the melt flow index of PVDF. The composite prepared with reinforcement of BTO and Gr shows a continuous flow, along with better thermal stability (based upon differential scanning calorimetry analysis), when 10–20 wt% BTO was added to the PVDF matrix. The observed maximum peak and break strength of the PVDF composite was 29.57 MPa and 26.50 MPa, respectively. The scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis results reveal that the filament prepared with 20% BTO and extruded at 200°C with a screw speed of 40 r/min has better dispersion of reinforcement among the selected parametric settings. Finally, a piezoelectric response of 20 pC/N has been measured on the FDM-printed thermally stable sample suitable for 4-D applications.

On compressive and morphological features of 3D printed almond skin powder reinforced PLA matrix

“…The literature reveals that the use of biodegradable/green waste enhances the mechanical properties and reduces the environmental pollution as well as cost [25][26][27][28][29][30][31]. But hitherto little has been reported on the use of the almond skin in powder form for enhancement of the compressive properties [13,[31][32][33][34].…”

On mechanical, thermal and morphological investigations of almond skin powder-reinforced polylactic acid feedstock filament

“…The literature review reveals the use of biodegradable/green waste for enhancing the mechanical properties of the thermoplastic (by reusing it in terms of fibre or powder). 22–25 Some of the studies outlined the use of fibre for decrease in the cost of the material, to enhance its other mechanical properties 26,27 . But hitherto little has been reported on the use of almond skin in powder form for enhancing the properties of PLA for biomedical scaffold/implant applications.…”

On synergistic effect of BaTiO3 and graphene reinforcement in polyvinyl diene fluoride matrix for four dimensional applications

“…Many researchers reported on the PVDF-based nanocomposites with the enhanced performance. 26 In a recently conducted research work, a composite of lanthanum doped lead zirconate titanate (PLZT), multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT), and PVDF was fabricated via tape casting and hot pressing method. MWCNT was used to enhance the piezoelectric properties and the output value of d 33 was 30 pC/N.…”