Study on Breast Cancer in Kazakhstan Using the Functional Time Series

Abstract

Aim:In Kazakhstan and Central Asia, breast cancer (BC) is the most common malignancy among women. However, no large-scale study on breast cancer using the functional time series approach has been carried out in Kazakhstan. Methods: A functional assessment of the age-period-cohort model (APC) and the survival rate (period 2017-2021) was used in the retrospective study. Clinical and demographic information on patients was analysed, including age, gender, region of residence, kind and stage of tumour, occupation, socioeconomic standing, nationality, and specifics of treatment and its outcomes. Additionally, the relationship between nationality, stage, and residency region and the survival rate of breast cancer patients was investigated too. Results: The data of n=22,736 breast cancer patients were analysed. The highest number of breast cancer cases reported was 4,945 (21.7%), in 2019. In 2021, n =4,939 (21.7%) cases were detected, while in 2020, n=4,222 (18.6%) cases were observed. The patients with breast cancer in stages I and Ia were recognized in 6,585 (29% of cases), while those in stages Ib and Ic were confirmed in 8687 (38.2% of cases). In n=10,147 (44.6%) cases, a malignant tumour of the upper outer quadrant of the breast (C50.4) was predominant. Kazakhs made up the majority (n=10,939, 48.1%) of patients with a primary validated diagnosis of breast cancer, followed by Russians (n=7527, 33.1%). Germans had the lowest survival rate overall (11.4 ± 1.7 months) (p ≤ 0.05) (95% CI: 8.0-14.7 months). Uzbeks showed relatively high survival rates of 18.3 ± 1.6 months (95% CI: 15.1-21.5 months) (p ≤ 0.05). The Aktobe region had the lowest breast cancer survival rates, measuring 12.1±0.9 months (95% CI: 10.3-13.9 months) (p ≤ 0.05). The highest survival rates, 18.0±1.3 months (95% CI: 15.5-20.5 months) and 17.9±1.4 months (95% CI: 15.3-20.7 months), were seen in Shymkent and Zhambyl regions (p ≤ 0.05), respectively. The prevalence of breast cancer increases after 37.5 years, according to the results of the APC analysis, with an indicator of 0.572 (95% CI: -0.41 -1.56), maintaining a steady upward trend in the age range from 42.5 years to 62.5 years. Conclusions: Despite a slight drop in the disease's frequency, the incidence of breast cancer in women 37.5 years and older has been stable over the past five years. Additionally, it was shown that the country's northern regions had a higher incidence of breast cancer cases than the southern and western regions. Our results show the significance of demographic characteristics such as age and location for the development of preventive measures and effective treatment.

Determination of genetic predisposition to early breast cancer in women of Kazakh ethnicity

“…Moreover, the identified PVs were differentially associated with biomarkers and prognostic factors. Since the average incidence in young women of all ethnicities in Kazakhstan is 329.6 cases per year [ 1 ], we have every reason to discuss the applicability of the results to the general population and the sufficient representativeness of our sample, consisting of 224 young Kazakh women.…”

“…In Kazakhstan, breast cancer (BC) is the most common malignancy in women. According to the latest national study on the epidemiology of BC in Kazakhstan, the number of reported cases increased by 14% between 2017 and 2021 [ 1 ]. By nationality, most BC patients with a confirmed primary diagnosis are Kazakh (48.1%), followed by Russian (33.1%) [ 1 ].…”

“…According to the latest national study on the epidemiology of BC in Kazakhstan, the number of reported cases increased by 14% between 2017 and 2021 [ 1 ]. By nationality, most BC patients with a confirmed primary diagnosis are Kazakh (48.1%), followed by Russian (33.1%) [ 1 ]. A detailed study within ethnic groups shows that BC accounts for 26.3% of all cancer cases and 8.7% of cancer-related deaths in Kazakh women [ 2 ].…”

“…A detailed study within ethnic groups shows that BC accounts for 26.3% of all cancer cases and 8.7% of cancer-related deaths in Kazakh women [ 2 ]. At the same time, although the prevalence of BC in Kazakhstan shows a steady upward trend in the age range from 42.5 years to 62.5 years, the prevalence of BC in young women has also increased from 309 cases in 2017 to 330 cases in 2021 [ 1 ]. Thus, combined with a poorer prognosis, more aggressive histologic features, and more frequent recurrences [ 3 , 4 ], BC in young Kazakh women in Kazakhstan is a growing threat.…”

Screening for Breast, Cervical and Prostate Cancers in Kazakhstan: Key Factors and Psychological Aspects

“…Breast cancer (BC), cervical cancer (CC), and prostate cancer (PC) are serious public health problems in many countries, including Kazakhstan (Pak et al, 2021, Shertaeva et al, 2023, Gassanov et al, 2020. Cancer ranks as the first or second leading cause of premature Screening is the primary tool for early detection and reduction of cancer mortality (Hall et al, 2018).…”