Study on Detection of Oral Bacteria in the Saliva and Risk Factors of Adults

Abstract

As oral diseases are developed by mixed infections, not by any single element, an accurate analysis of the causative microorganisms related to dental caries and periodontal diseases is required. In this study, saliva was collected from selected adults to determine if the bacteria that are well known as the causative microorganisms of dental caries and periodontal diseases would be detected in their saliva. In addition, this study examined whether there would be any differences among adults according to age, smoking, drinking and presence or absence of diseases in the distribution of oral bacteria to determine the risk factors for oral bacteria. The study subjects were 120 adults ranging in age from 20 to 65 years. The experiment data was collected from March 15, to May 2014. The gDNA was collected from the saliva, and the distribution of bacteria for oral diseases was investigated by PCR. The findings of the study were as follows. S. mutans was detected from 72 adults, and P. intermedia was detected from 88 adults. Both bacteria were detected from 54 adults, and no oral bacteria was detected in 14 adults. An analysis of the risk factors of oral bacteria showed that smokers had a 2.8-fold higher risk of S. mutans than nonsmokers, and the former had a 3.5-fold higher risk of P. intermedia than the latter. Drinkers had a 3.3-fold higher risk of S. mutans than nondrinkers. Patients who suffered from systemic diseases had a 4.1-fold higher risk of P. intermedia than those with no diseases. Therefore, smoking, drinking and systemic diseases are factors that increase the likelihood of oral bacteria detection. More periodontal disease bacteria were detected from older adults, and more oral bacteria were found in adults who were in their 20s, as dental caries and periodontal diseases were more common in this age group. The adults in which oral bacteria were detected are more likely to have dental caries or periodontal diseases, and they should try to keep their mouth cavity clean and make regular visits to a dental clinic to prevent possible oral diseases.

Risk factors for the development of oral bacteria in workers according to oral environment

“…In previous studies the caries causing bacteria in the oral environment were approximately worse in smokers due to S.mutans distribution being dominant [14,[17][18]. it was that S.mutans where three times higher in smokers [15]. The results showed a higher risk than previous studies.…”

“…intermedia and S. mutans are two common observed bacterial strains [13]. Thus far, most investigations have focused on associations between oral diseases and smoking status [14][15], relationships between salivation and oral diseases [1,[3][4][5][6]16], as well as periodontal diseases and oral bacteria in contexts of disease causing oral bacteria [1,[9][10][11]. Further, even though there are studies investigating with regards to relationship between oral bacteria and respective oral disease types, no study have utilized saliva as a diagnostic tool for oral inflammatory diseases including dental caries, periodontal disease, and gingivitis.…”

Analysis of the Effect of Daily Water Intake on Oral Health: Result from Seven Waves of a Population-Based Panel Study

“…Saliva is not only necessary to maintain the normal function of oral tissues, but also to suppress oral disease occurrence, and if salivary secretion decreases below normal levels, it can cause oral mucosal diseases and oral diseases. When salivation is lowered, salivary buffering capacity and saliva pH are lowered, and this can significantly cause and increase dental caries [20].…”

Differences Between Oral Health According to Water Intake Using the Data from South Korea's 7-Year National Health and Nutrition Survey

“…Dental diseases are largely classi ed into dental caries and periodontal diseases, both of which are caused by microbial infection. Among more than 500 kinds of bacteria present in the oral cavity, the microbe that is most closely related to dental caries is Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), a decisive causative agent that induces tooth decay by damaging the hard structure of the teeth [20][21][22]. Also, Prevotella intermedia (P. intermedia), one of the major pathogens of periodontal disease, is known to be a powerful causative agent of adult periodontitis, pregnancy gingivitis, and ulcerative gingivitis, and it has been reported to be found in oral lesions [23,24].…”

“…In particular, P. intermedia among oral microbes decreased as the amount of water intake increased [25]. In the study of Hong [26], it was reported that less P. intermedia causing periodontal disease was detected in the group drinking 3 to 4 glasses of water per day, and in the study of Jung et al [25], it was reported that dental caries-causing S. mutans was detected in the group with the least water in-take. However, these differences were not signi cant results and need to be re-con rmed.…”