“…As the one of the most abundant rare elements in nature, cerium has a unique 4f electronic structure which makes its compounds widely used in optical, electrical, and magnetic fields (Rajesh et al, 2020;Abd-Rabboh et al, 2021;Wang et al, 2021a;Wang et al, 2021b;Syed et al, 2021). Cerium dioxide is a promising semiconductor photocatalyst, because it has the properties of n-type semiconductors such as good light-resistant corrosivity and excellent storage and release of oxygen, and its unique Ce 3+ /Ce 4+ valence activity makes it highly oxidative and gives it a reducing ability (Mishra et al, 2018;Wen et al, 2018;Xing et al, 2020;Wang et al, 2021c;Wang et al, 2021d). Nano-cerium dioxide possesses more special properties and applications than cerium dioxide, so researchers have more stringent requirements about morphology, size, and others (Gao et al, 2018;Gong et al, 2019;Li et al, 2021).…”