Study on the Characteristics of Small-Molecule Kinase Inhibitors-Related Drug-Induced Liver Injury

Abstract

Background and Aim: More than half of the small-molecule kinase inhibitors (KIs) induced liver injury clinically. Meanwhile, studies have shown a close relationship between mitochondrial damage and drug-induced liver injury (DILI). We aimed to study KIs and the binding between drugs and mitochondrial proteins to find factors related to DILI occurrence.Methods: A total of 1,223 oral FDA-approved drugs were collected and analyzed, including 44 KIs. Fisher’s exact test was used to analyze DILI potential and risk of different factors. A total of 187 human mitochondrial proteins were further collected, and high-throughput molecular docking was performed between human mitochondrial proteins and drugs in the data set. The molecular dynamics simulation was used to optimize and evaluate the dynamic binding behavior of the selected mitochondrial protein/KI complexes.Results: The possibility of KIs to produce DILI is much higher than that of other types (OR = 46.89, p = 9.28E-13). A few DILI risk factors were identified, including molecular weight (MW) between 400 and 600, the defined daily dose (DDD) ≥ 100 mg/day, the octanol–water partition coefficient (LogP) ≥ 3, and the degree of liver metabolism (LM) more than 50%. Drugs that met this combination of rules were found to have a higher DILI risk than controls (OR = 8.28, p = 4.82E-05) and were more likely to cause severe DILI (OR = 8.26, p = 5.06E-04). The docking results showed that KIs had a significant higher affinity with human mitochondrial proteins (p = 4.19E-11) than other drug types. Furthermore, the five proteins with the lowest docking score were selected for molecular dynamics simulation, and the smallest fluctuation of the backbone RMSD curve was found in the protein 5FS8/KI complexes, which indicated the best stability of the protein 5FS8 bound to KIs.Conclusions: KIs were found to have the highest odds ratio of causing DILI. MW was significantly related to the production of DILI, and the average docking scores of KI drugs were found to be significantly different from other classes. Further analysis identified the top binding mitochondrial proteins for KIs, and specific binding sites were analyzed. The optimization of molecular docking results by molecular dynamics simulation may contribute to further studying the mechanism of DILI.

Baicalein Attenuates Myocardial Fibrosis via Directly Targeting Phosphoglycerate Mutase 1

“…The process of developing a new drug can be long, complex, and uncertain, but it can also be highly rewarding from a societal, scientific, and economic perspective [23,24]. High-throughput screening (HTS) is one of the strategies used to discover novel template for small-molecule drug design [25,26]. Despite the reinforced interest in natural products for anti-myocardial fibrosis lead discovery, natural products and in particular insect products have been basically neglected in such screenings [27].…”