Study on the Constitutive Equation and Mechanical Properties of Natural Snow under Step Loading

Han, Hongwei; Yang, Meiying; Liu, Xingchao; Li, Yu; Gao, Gongwen; Wang, Enliang

doi:10.3390/w15183271

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 42 publications

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“…The thermal characteristics and mechanical indices of snow are crucial parameters to be considered in cold-region science and engineering. The process of how snow evolves will undoubtedly be significantly impacted by changing climate conditions as global warming progresses [4,5], requiring a careful examination of snow mechanics and snow hazard issues [6][7][8][9][10]. In the future, a crucial strategy for dealing with snow science and snow risks will be to link the microstructure and apparent physical properties of snow.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Research on the Evolution of Snow Crystal Necks and the Effect on Hardness during Snowpack Metamorphism

Wei,

Lu,

et al. 2023

Water

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To study the snow microstructure at various metamorphism times and extract the snow neck area, a constant density (200 kg/m3) snow metamorphism experiment was conducted. The findings show that the neck region is mostly influenced by temperature, sun radiation, snow density and specific humidity, with wind speed having little effect. Additionally, we developed a multiple linear regression equation for the neck area under atmospheric forcing: “S = 288T + 2E + 189ρ + 12,194V − 20,443RH − 42,729”. This equation accounts for solar radiation (E), temperature (T), snow density (ρ), specific humidity (RH) and wind speed (V). Notably, the above five factors can account for 84% of the factors affecting the neck area, making it a crucial factor. The relationship between snow hardness and neck area is correlated at 71%, and in later stages of metamorphism, the correlation may increase to 91%. Based on the neck area, the following hardness value prediction is made: “H = 0.002764S + 67.922837”. This study documents the growth variations in the neck region of the metamorphic snow cover and elucidates the process by which outside factors impact the microstructure and macroscopic physical characteristics of the snow cover.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Research on the Evolution of Snow Crystal Necks and the Effect on Hardness during Snowpack Metamorphism

Wei,

Lu,

et al. 2023

Water

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Constitutive description of snow at finite strains by the modified cam‐clay model and an implicit gradient damage formulation

Moeineddin,

Platen,

Kaliske

2024

Numerical Meth Engineering

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Snow, characterized as a unique granular and low‐density material, exhibits intricate behavior influenced by the proximity to its melting point and its three‐phase composition. This composition entails a structured ice skeleton surrounded by voids filled with air and spread with liquid water. Mechanically, snow experiences dynamic transformations, including bonding/degradation between its grains, significant inelastic deformations, and a distinct rate sensitivity. Given snow's varied structures and mechanical strengths in natural settings, a comprehensive constitutive model is necessary. Our study introduces a pioneering formulation grounded on the modified Cam‐Clay model, extended to finite strains. This formulation is further enriched by an implicit gradient damage modeling, creating a synergistic blend that offers a detailed representation of snow behavior. The versatility of the framework is emphasized through the careful calibration of damage parameters. Such calibration allows the model to adeptly capture the effects of diverse strain rates, particularly at high magnitudes, highlighting its adaptability in replicating snow's unique mechanical responses across various conditions. Upon calibration against established experimental benchmarks, the model demonstrates a suitable alignment with observed behavior, underscoring its potential as a comprehensive tool for understanding and modeling snow behavior with precision and depth.

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Material mapping strategy to identify the density-dependent properties of dry natural snow

Bahaloo,

Forsberg,

Lycksam

et al. 2024

Appl. Phys. A

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The mechanical properties of natural snow play a crucial role in understanding glaciers, avalanches, polar regions, and snow-related constructions. Research has concentrated on how the mechanical properties of snow vary, primarily with its density; the integration of cutting-edge techniques like micro-tomography with traditional loading methods can enhance our comprehension of these properties in natural snow. This study employs $$\mu$$ μ CT imaging and uniaxial compression tests, along with the Digital Volume Correlation (DVC) to investigate the density-dependent material properties of natural snow. The data from two snow samples, one initially non-compressed (test 1) and the other initially compressed (test 2), were fed into Burger’s viscoelastic model to estimate the material properties. $$\mu$$ μ CT imaging with 801 projections captures the three-dimensional structure of the snow initially and after each loading step at -18$${^\circ }$$ ∘ C, using a constant deformation rate (0.2 mm/min). The relative density of the snow, ranging from 0.175 to 0.39 (equivalent to 160–360 kg/m$$^3$$ 3 ), is determined at each load step through binary image segmentation. Modulus and viscosity terms, estimated from Burger’s model, exhibit a density-dependent increase. Maxwell and Kelvin–Voigt moduli range from 0.5 to 14 MPa and 0.1 to 0.8 MPa, respectively. Viscosity values for the Maxwell and Kelvin–Voigt models vary from 0.2 to 2.9 GPa-s and 0.2 to 2.3 GPa-s within the considered density range, showing an exponent between 3 and 4 when represented as power functions. Initial grain characteristics for tests 1 and 2, obtained through image segmentation, reveal an average Specific Surface Area (SSA) of around 55 1/mm and 40 1/mm, respectively. The full-field strain distribution in the specimen at each load step is calculated using the DVC, highlighting strong strain localization indicative of non-homogeneous behavior in natural snow. These findings not only contribute to our understanding of natural snow mechanics but also hold implications for applications in fields such as glacier dynamics and avalanche prediction.

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Study on the Constitutive Equation and Mechanical Properties of Natural Snow under Step Loading

Cited by 3 publications

References 42 publications

Research on the Evolution of Snow Crystal Necks and the Effect on Hardness during Snowpack Metamorphism

Research on the Evolution of Snow Crystal Necks and the Effect on Hardness during Snowpack Metamorphism

Constitutive description of snow at finite strains by the modified cam‐clay model and an implicit gradient damage formulation

Material mapping strategy to identify the density-dependent properties of dry natural snow

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