Highway preventive maintenance (HPM) can help reduce the negative environmental impacts of transportation infrastructure by prolonging the life of existing infrastructure, reducing the need for costly and resource-intensive repairs and reconstruction, and improving the energy efficiency of pavement infrastructure. However, many transportation agencies struggle with low HPM management capacity. This paper aims to enhance HPM management effectiveness by identifying and evaluating the major management factors that impact HPM. The study conducted a literature review and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to identify the key HPM management factors. Social network analysis (SNA) was used to assess the importance of these factors, and a system dynamics (SD) model was developed to explore their influence laws. The research identified six dimensions of HPM management, including management system, management resource, management cognition, management decision, management technology, and external condition, along with 26 major management factors. The study found that key factors had a positive impact on HPM management, while hub factors were also critical. The study provides a comprehensive framework for identifying and evaluating the management factors that impact HPM, which can guide managers to develop effective HPM plans, improve the overall quality of highway maintenance, and form a sustainable transportation system.