Study on the resistance of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus

Abstract

In this study, the persistence of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) was observed in feces, urine and water. In addition, the inactivation of SARS-CoV in wastewater with sodium hypochlorite and chlorine dioxide was also studied. In vitro experiments demonstrated that the virus could only persist for 2 days in hospital wastewater, domestic sewage and dechlorinated tap water, while 3 days in feces, 14 days in PBS and 17 days in urine at 20 degrees C. However, at 4 degrees C, the SARS-CoV could persist for 14 days in wastewater and at least 17 days in feces or urine. SARS-CoV is more susceptible to disinfectants than Escherichia coli and f2 phage. Free chlorine was found to inactivate SARS-CoV better than chlorine dioxide. Free residue chlorine over 0.5 mg/L for chlorine or 2.19 mg/L for chlorine dioxide in wastewater ensures complete inactivation of SARS-CoV while it does not inactivate completely E. coli and f2 phage.

Enteric coronavirus infection in adult horses

“…It is not known how long ECoV persists in the environment and, if so, whether this can act as a source of infection. Human coronaviruses, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV, have been shown to persist up to 2 days in waste water and dechlorinated tap water, 3 days in feces and 17 days in urine at room temperature (Wang et al, 2005). Survival may be longer at lower temperatures; the virus persists for up to 14 days in waste water and at least 17 days in feces or urine at 4 C (Wang et al, 2005).…”

“…Human coronaviruses, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV, have been shown to persist up to 2 days in waste water and dechlorinated tap water, 3 days in feces and 17 days in urine at room temperature (Wang et al, 2005). Survival may be longer at lower temperatures; the virus persists for up to 14 days in waste water and at least 17 days in feces or urine at 4 C (Wang et al, 2005). Greater survival and viability of ECoV and BCoV in colder weather is one possible explanation for the apparent higher prevalence of virus-positive fecal samples and clinical disease during cooler weather.…”

Inactivation of surrogate coronaviruses on hard surfaces by health care germicides

“…Many previous disinfection studies have used liquid suspension methods for testing germicide efficacy. [16][17][18] These studies report greater efficacy against viruses than studies performed with carrier methods. Viruses may be more resistant on surfaces than in suspension because they can adsorb to the surface or become embedded in organic material 19 and may be more difficult to inactivate with chemical germicides than viruses suspended in liquid.…”

Plant tissue distribution and chemical inactivation of six carnation viruses

“…Bleach concentrations of 0.5% and 1% were insufficient to impede viral transmission to Saponaria indicator plants, whereas concentrations of 3%, 5% and 7% inactivated three, four or all carnation viruses, respectively (Table 2). This chemical treatment was reported to inactivate a potexvirus and a tobamovirus (2% and 7%, respectively; Hu et al, 1994), rotavirus (6%; Sattar et al, 1994), pneumovirus (5.25%; Krilov and Harkness, 1993), a coronavirus (Wang et al, 2005), bacteriophages (Tyrrell et al, 1995), poliovirus (Taylor and Butler, 1982;Ma et al, 1994) and Hepatitis A virus (Jean et al, 2003). Apparently, sodium hypochlorite can be considered a general virus inactivation agent although a concentration of up to 7-12% is required.…”