Study on the stability and rheological properties of nitrogen foam under high-pressure condition

Chen, Danqi; Cui, Shiti; Liu, Zhiliang; Xu, Zhengxiao; Li, Binfei

doi:10.1088/1755-1315/632/2/022002

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…9 It weakens the Gibbs-Marangoni effect, reduces the mechanical strength of the liquid film, accelerates the discharge rate, and leads to the deterioration of foam stability. 46,48 Chen 52 studied the effect of temperature on the stability of waterbased foam. At 0.1 MPa and 20 °C, the foam volume of the waterbased foam was 215 mL and the half-life was 8 min.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Experimental Investigation on the Stability of Oil-Based Nitrogen Foam under Ultrahigh Pressure and Elevated Temperature

Wang

et al. 2022

Energy Fuels

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Nitrogen flooding can effectively develop lowpermeability and tight reservoirs. However, because of the low viscosity and density of nitrogen, gas channeling easily occurs, resulting in low oil recovery. Oil-based nitrogen foam can be used to control gas channeling during nitrogen flooding, but the foam stability directly affects the application effect. In this paper, the performance of the foaming agent was optimized by compounding, and a stable oil-based nitrogen foam was successfully built, with a foam volume exceeding 400 mL and a half-life of liquid drainage exceeding 40 min. The foam stability under an ultrahigh pressure of 60 MPa and an elevated temperature of 80 °C were investigated by an ultrahigh pressure and ultrahigh temperature PVT system for the first time. The influence of base oil viscosity and interfacial tension on foam stability was examined. The experimental results showed that the foam stability improved when the pressure increased and worsened when the temperature rose. The foam stability was the best at 20 °C and 60 MPa, and the half-life of liquid drainage was nearly 4 h. The foam stability was the worst at 80 °C and 0.1 MPa, and the half-life was <1 min. The higher was the base oil viscosity, the better was the foam stability. Although the rise of pressure and temperature reduces the nitrogen−diesel interfacial tension, the interfacial tension is not the dominant factor affecting foam stability at elevated temperatures. This paper has a certain guiding significance for perfecting the stability mechanism of oil-based nitrogen foam under ultrahigh pressure and elevated temperature and better controlling gas channeling during nitrogen flooding in low-permeability and tight reservoirs.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Chen studied the effect of temperature on the stability of water-based foam. At 0.1 MPa and 20 °C, the foam volume of the water-based foam was 215 mL and the half-life was 8 min.…”

Section: Experimental Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Investigation on the Stability of Oil-Based Nitrogen Foam under Ultrahigh Pressure and Elevated Temperature

Wang

et al. 2022

Energy Fuels

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“…There have been many studies on waterless fracturing fluids, such as liquefied petroleum gases [12][13][14], supercritical carbon dioxide or liquid carbon dioxide [15][16][17], high energy gas [18,19], nitrogen foam [20,21], and LN 2 [6,11]. These waterless fracturing technologies have been applied.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Investigation on Cracking Characteristics of Dry and Saturated Shales in Nitrogen Fracturing after Liquid Nitrogen (LN2) Injection

Zhang

Вадимовна

et al. 2023

Geofluids

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Cryogenic LN2 fracturing is one of the environmentally friendly waterless fracturing technologies that promote the fracture complexity of shale gas reservoir. The water-ice phase transition under freezing condition causes frost heave in saturated shale. The effect of moisture in shale should be taken into account during cryogenic damage process. Therefore, the differences of cracking characteristics between dry and saturated shales were studied in this paper. A laboratory triaxial and high temperature fracturing system was developed for nitrogen fracturing dry and saturated shale after LN2 injection. The influence of moisture on breakdown pressure was studied under different confining pressures (3 MPa, 6 MPa, 9 MPa, and 12 MPa) and bedding directions (parallel bedding and vertical bedding). The experimental results demonstrated that when the confining pressure increased from 3 MPa to 12 MPa, the breakdown pressure of dry parallel bedding after LN2 preconditioning decreased 7.12 MPa, 6.06 MPa, 4.58 MPa, and 3.11 MPa, respectively. Therefore, LN2 preconditioning could damage shale resulting in a lower breakdown pressure, but the effect of cryogenic damage decreased with the confining pressure increasing. The moisture in shale had little impact on nitrogen fracturing without LN2 injection because the breakdown pressure difference between dry and saturated shales was small. However, the breakdown pressure of saturated shale after LN2 preconditioning was always lower than that of dry shale. The breakdown pressure of saturated parallel bedding shale after LN2 injection decreased 8.62 MPa, 7.67 MPa, 6.08 MPa, and 4.63 MPa, respectively, with the confining pressure increasing from 3 MPa to 12 MPa. The breakdown pressure difference between dry and saturated shales was impacted by the migration of unfrozen water and frost heave. In addition, the extent of cryogenic damage varied substantially between different bedding directions. When the confining pressure was 3 MPa, the breakdown pressure of saturated parallel bedding shale reduced by 69.18% after LN2 preconditioning, but that of saturated vertical bedding shale only decreased by 22.49%. The tensile strength of shale had a greater influence on the breakdown pressure. According to the Brazilian disc test results, the tensile strength of matrix was much higher than that of bedding planes. As a result, it is useful to wet the shale in order to reduce the breakdown pressure. The fracturing direction of horizontal drilling should be consistent with the bedding direction for better cryogenic fracturing effect.

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Stability and interfacial rheology of oil-based foam with polydimethylsiloxane and natural rubber

Wang

Chang

Luo

et al. 2022

Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology

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Study on the stability and rheological properties of nitrogen foam under high-pressure condition

Cited by 3 publications

References 9 publications

Experimental Investigation on the Stability of Oil-Based Nitrogen Foam under Ultrahigh Pressure and Elevated Temperature

Experimental Investigation on the Stability of Oil-Based Nitrogen Foam under Ultrahigh Pressure and Elevated Temperature

Experimental Investigation on Cracking Characteristics of Dry and Saturated Shales in Nitrogen Fracturing after Liquid Nitrogen (LN2) Injection

Stability and interfacial rheology of oil-based foam with polydimethylsiloxane and natural rubber

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