Study on the Usability of Ophthalmic Solutions (I)-The Variation in Squeezing Force and Drop Volume-.

美佳, 倉本; 智子, 樋上; 佳子, 高橋; 文子, 檜垣; 典子, 山下; 昌子, 合田; 亜紀子, 足立; 親明, 室; 肇, 橋本; 常男, 濱口; 宗男, 門林

doi:10.5649/jjphcs.30.13

Cited by 10 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Eyedropper bottles requiring greater squeezing force may instill multiple eye drops in one instillation, and the shapes of eyedroppers and the presence of filter membranes are related to increased squeezing force. The large difference in squeezing force among eyedropper bottles revealed in the current study is consistent with previous studies [8–11, 16]. The variation of squeezing force was four-to six-fold among these previous studies.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

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Wide Variation of Squeezing Force and Dispensing Time Interval among Eyedropper Bottles

Kashiwagi

2019

Journal of Ophthalmology

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Purpose. We aimed to investigate squeezing force and dispensing time interval of the first and second eye drops among a variety of eyedropper bottles and to clarify associated factors within these parameters. Methods. A total of 87 eyedropper bottles were involved in this study. We developed a squeezing force measuring system consisting of a syringe pump, digital force gauge, and custom-made test stand to measure the squeezing force and dispensing interval. The eyedropper bottle was housed in the system vertically, and measurements were repeated five times. We investigated the differences in squeezing force and dispensing interval by categories, including those that targeted ocular disease, brand or generic eyedroppers, shapes of eyedropper bottles, and the presence of a membrane filter inside the tip of the eyedropper bottle. Results. The mean squeezing forces of the first drop and the second drops were 8.3 ± 3.0 N and 10.4 ± 3.2 N, respectively. Both squeezing forces had a wide variation of more than threefold. A mean interval between the first and second drops was 3.1 ± 1.2 sec with a maximum difference of more than sevenfold. Round shapes of eyedropper bottles and the presence of filter membranes significantly increased the squeezing force. Conclusions. The squeezing force of eyedropper bottles was very wide, which may affect proper eye drop instillation. Unification of eyedropper bottles or developing mechanical aids may be useful for proper eye drop treatment.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…The usability decreased along with the increasing squeezing force among eyedropper bottles having the squeezing force of 14.7 N or more [16]. Of 87 eyedropper bottles tested in this study, 10 (11.5%) eyedropper bottles required the same or greater than 14.7 N of a squeezing force.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wide Variation of Squeezing Force and Dispensing Time Interval among Eyedropper Bottles

Kashiwagi

2019

Journal of Ophthalmology

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“…In long-term treatments with ophthalmic solutions for diseases such as glaucoma, “understanding of disease conditions” and “cost-effectiveness of an ophthalmic solution” might influence the patient adherence (ie, continuous treatment). Especially in the elderly, “operability of eye dropper bottles” influenced the instillation movements 1,2. In addition, to keep “cost-effectiveness of ophthalmic solutions”, several factors such as the size and hardness of eye dropper bottles and the nozzle shape have been investigated 3–6…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of container structures and content solutions on dispensing time of ophthalmic solutions

Yoshikawa¹,

Yamada²

2010

OPTH

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PurposeTo investigate the influence of container structures and content solutions on the time of dispensing from eye dropper bottles.MethodsEye dropper bottle models, solution models (filtrate water/surfactant solution) and a dispensing time measuring apparatus were prepared to measure the dispensing time.ResultsWith filtrate water and pressure thrust load of 0.3 MPa, the dispensing time significantly increased from 1.1 ± 0.5 seconds to 4.6 ± 1.1 seconds depending on the decrease of inner aperture diameters from 0.4 mm to 0.2 mm (P < 0.0001). When using the bottle models with inner aperture diameters of 0.4 mm or larger, the dispensing time became constant. The dispensing time using surfactant solution showed the same tendency as above. When pressure thrust load was large (0.07 MPa), the solution flew out continuously with inner aperture diameters of 0.4 mm or larger and the dispensing time could not be measured. The inner aperture diameter most strongly explained the variation of the dispensing time in both the content solutions in the multiple linear regression analysis (filtrate water: 46%, R2 = 0.462, surfactant solution: 56%, R2 = 0.563).ConclusionsAmong content solutions and container structures, the dispensing time was mostly influenced by the diameter of the inner aperture of bottles.

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“…instillation) differs depending on the container used as well as the properties of the contents (for example, viscosity) (5). If the container is too hard, it may be difficult for elderly people or people with weak finger strength to use; in contrast, if it is too soft, an excessive amount may be instilled at once.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To date, one study has investigated the squeeze force required to instill a drop of ophthalmic solution using a digital force gauge (DF) (5). However, in the method of measuring squeeze force, all are different from the use of dropping an eye drop container with a finger, the container was fixed from both sides with a hemispherical urethane spherical compression jig, and the force (squeeze force) against which one was pressed with a digital force gauge was measured (6).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Generic selection criteria for safety and patient benefit [IX]: Evaluation of "feeling of use" of sodium hyaluronate eye drops using the Haptic Skill Logger (HapLog<sup>®</sup>) wearable sensor for evaluating haptic behaviors

Goto¹,

Nozawa²,

Wada

et al. 2020

DD&T

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In recent years, Japan has been actively promoting the use of generic drugs (GE) from the viewpoint of optimizing or reducing medical expenses (1). Based on a document by the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare, "Changes to generic drugs listed in prescriptions" (March 5, 2012 Health Department Director General, Health Department 0305 No. 12), when a brand name is written on the drug listed in the prescription (i.e. brand name prescription drug), the changing and dispensing to a generic drug with a different content or similar alternative dosage form without prior confirmation by the prescribing physician is allowed (2). To reduce medical costs (3,4), the choice and selection of generic drugs are important to the pharmacist who is responsible for dispensing to the patient. There are various types of eye drop containers, and the ease of eye drop use (i.e. ease of extrusion or

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Study on the Usability of Ophthalmic Solutions (I)-The Variation in Squeezing Force and Drop Volume-.

Cited by 10 publications

References 6 publications

Wide Variation of Squeezing Force and Dispensing Time Interval among Eyedropper Bottles

Wide Variation of Squeezing Force and Dispensing Time Interval among Eyedropper Bottles

Influence of container structures and content solutions on dispensing time of ophthalmic solutions

Generic selection criteria for safety and patient benefit [IX]: Evaluation of "feeling of use" of sodium hyaluronate eye drops using the Haptic Skill Logger (HapLog<sup>®</sup>) wearable sensor for evaluating haptic behaviors

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