“…1 Globally, heavy metal ions are mainly introduced into different ecosystems through anthropogenic activities. 2 Such activities can include mining, smelting, 3 chemicals and petrochemical manufacturing, 4 energy generation, 1 domestic and industrial waste discharges, 5 agricultural wastes, 6 metallurgy, 7 and construction. 8 The most toxic and hazardous heavy metal ions in water include As(III), As(V), Cr(III), Cr(VI), Cu(II), Hg(II), Pb(II), Cd(II), Ni(II), Zn(II), 9 and Mn(II).…”