Studying immunity to zoonotic diseases in the natural host — keeping it real

Bean, Andrew G. D.; Baker, Michelle L.; Stewart, Cameron R.; Cowled, Christopher; Deffrasnes, Céline; Wang, Lin‐Fa; Lowenthal, John W.

doi:10.1038/nri3551

Cited by 93 publications

(88 citation statements)

References 77 publications

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“…However others, such as studies of dengue virus infection of rhesus macaques, were not [41]. Arbovirus replication dynamics, fitness effects and immune response can be substantially different in natural compared with novel vertebrate hosts [56,57]. For example, mosquito-borne JEV circulates in Asia in a number of avian host species, among them the Japanese tree sparrow.…”

Section: The Double Life Of Arbovirusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The tortoise or the hare? Impacts of within-host dynamics on transmission success of arthropod-borne viruses

Althouse

Hanley

2015

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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One contribution of 17 to a theme issue 'Within-host dynamics of infection: from ecological insights to evolutionary predictions'. Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) are maintained in a cycle of alternating transmission between vertebrate hosts and arthropod vectors. Arboviruses possess RNA genomes capable of rapid diversification and adaptation, and the between-host trade-offs inherent to host alternation impose well-documented constraints on arbovirus evolution. Here, we investigate the less well-studied within-host trade-offs that shape arbovirus replication dynamics and transmission. Arboviruses generally establish lifelong infection in vectors but transient infection of variable magnitude (i.e. peak virus concentration) and duration in vertebrate hosts. In the majority of experimental infections of vertebrate hosts, both the magnitude and duration of arbovirus replication depended upon the dose of virus administered, with increasing dose resulting in greater magnitude but shorter duration of viraemia. This pattern suggests that the vertebrate immune response imposes a trade-off between the height and breadth of the virus replication curve. To investigate the impact of this trade-off on transmission, we used a simple modelling approach to contrast the effect of 'tortoise' (low magnitude, long duration viraemia) and 'hare' (high magnitude, short duration viraemia) arbovirus replication strategies on transmission. This model revealed that, counter to previous theory, arboviruses that adopt a tortoise strategy have higher rates of persistence in both host and vector populations.

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Section: The Double Life Of Arbovirusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The tortoise or the hare? Impacts of within-host dynamics on transmission success of arthropod-borne viruses

Althouse

Hanley

2015

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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“…By studying the pathogen in its natural host, we may be able to devise efficient control measures in that host, thereby disrupting transmission of the pathogen to humans. 12 Although laboratory models continue to have value for basic research, they cannot circumvent the need for studies in natural hosts of Brucella.…”

Section: Laboratory Models For Studying Brucella Pathogenesis and Vacmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advancement of Knowledge of Brucella Over the Past 50 Years

2014

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Fifty years ago, bacteria in the genus Brucella were known to cause infertility and reproductive losses. At that time, the genus was considered to contain only 3 species: Brucella abortus, Brucella melitensis, and Brucella suis. Since the early 1960s, at least 7 new species have been identified as belonging to the Brucella genus (Brucella canis, Brucella ceti, Brucella inopinata, Brucella microti, Brucella neotomae, Brucella ovis, and Brucella pinnipedialis) with several additional new species under consideration for inclusion. Although molecular studies have found such high homology that some authors have proposed that all Brucella are actually 1 species, the epidemiologic and diagnostic benefits for separating the genus based on phenotypic characteristics are more compelling. Although pathogenic Brucella spp have preferred reservoir hosts, their ability to infect numerous mammalian hosts has been increasingly documented. The maintenance of infection in new reservoir hosts, such as wildlife, has become an issue for both public health and animal health regulatory personnel. Since the 1960s, new information on how Brucella enters host cells and modifies their intracellular environment has been gained. Although the pathogenesis and histologic lesions of B. abortus, B. melitensis, and B. suis in their preferred hosts have not changed, additional knowledge on the pathology of these brucellae in new hosts, or of new species of Brucella in their preferred hosts, has been obtained. To this day, brucellosis remains a significant human zoonosis that is emerging or reemerging in many parts of the world.Keywords Brucella, pathogenesis, zoonosis, reservoir hosts, laboratory modelsIn 1966, the first issue of Pathologia Veterinaria-now known as Veterinary Pathology-published an article on the characteristics of Brucella granulomas by K. L. Jacob, and the third issue included a manuscript by B. I. Osburn and P. C. Kennedy describing pathologic and immunologic responses of fetal lambs after infection with Brucella ovis. As the journal embarks on its second half-century of publication, it seems appropriate to assess the advancement of knowledge on this topic since these articles were published in the first issues of the journal.Fifty years ago, bacteria in the genus Brucella were known to cause infertility and reproductive losses with predilection for causing placentitis, fetal pneumonia, and mastitis. At that time, the genus contained only Brucella abortus, Brucella melitensis, and Brucella suis, the 3 classic species of brucellae, and these were generally thought to be somewhat hostspecific pathogens of cattle, sheep and goats, and swine, respectively. They were also known to be zoonotic, with the capability for causing clinical disease in humans. At that time, taxonomy placed the 3 classic species in the family Brucellaceae, with other bacterial genera such as Bordetella, Pasteurella and so on. Although scientific and practical knowledge of brucellosis has increased dramatically, in many countries, brucellosis continu...

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“…In this Fig. 1 Emergence of zoonoses (Bean et al 2013) context, it means that none of the things that the people put into the ecosystem simply disappears, but in actual fact, what we do to this eco-environment, we do to ourselves, because pollutants reach humans through the food we eat and the water we drink as well as the air we breathe. Food and environment on our human health is always a complex issue with many factors interacting and relating to each other as indicated all the way through air pollutions, water pollutions, misuse of antibiotics and growth hormones, over-fishing, abuse of chemical usages, food fraud and overlook of food animals and poultry welfares, as well as other determinants of environmental contaminants, climate changes and food-producing systems, etc.…”

Section: Food and Environment On Human Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecological determinants of health: food and environment on human health

2015

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Human health and diseases are determined by many complex factors. Health threats from the human-animal-ecosystems interface (HAEI) and zoonotic diseases (zoonoses) impose an increasing risk continuously to public health, from those emerging pathogens transmitted through contact with animals, food, water and contaminated environments. Immense challenges forced on the ecological perspectives on food and the eco-environments, including aquaculture, agriculture and the entire food systems. Impacts of food and eco-environments on human health will be examined amongst the importance of human interventions for intended purposes in lowering the adverse effects on the biodiversity. The complexity of relevant conditions defined as factors contributing to the ecological determinants of health will be illuminated from different perspectives based on concepts, citations, examples and models, in conjunction with harmful consequential effects of human-induced disturbances to our environments and food systems, together with the burdens from ecosystem disruption, environmental hazards and loss of ecosystem functions. The eco-health literacy should be further promoting under the "One Health" vision, with "One World" concept under Ecological Public Health Model for sustaining our environments and the planet earth for all beings, which is coincidentally echoing Confucian's theory for the environmental ethics of ecological harmony.

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Studying immunity to zoonotic diseases in the natural host — keeping it real

Cited by 93 publications

References 77 publications

The tortoise or the hare? Impacts of within-host dynamics on transmission success of arthropod-borne viruses

The tortoise or the hare? Impacts of within-host dynamics on transmission success of arthropod-borne viruses

Advancement of Knowledge of Brucella Over the Past 50 Years

Ecological determinants of health: food and environment on human health

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