“…Urbanization not only increases urban energy consumption, but also impacts the urban landscape changing significantly by converting land cover from green cover to grey cover, i.e., impervious surfaces cover (ISC) ( Yu et al, 2014 , Silva et al, 2018 , Yu et al, 2019 , Zou et al, 2021 ). Another side-effect of urbanization is the excessive heat release due to human activities, which has a major role in the formation and increase in surface urban heat island intensity (SUHII) ( Firozjaei et al, 2018 , Zhou and Chen, 2018 , Fahed et al, 2020 , Liu et al, 2020 , Nadizadeh Shorabeh et al, 2020 , Yuan et al, 2020a , Tepanosyan et al, 2021 ).…”