Studying the evaporation behavior of heavy metals by thermo-desorption spectrometry

Ludwig, Christian; Lutz, H.; Wochele, J.; Stucki, Samuel

doi:10.1007/s002160101083

Cited by 19 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…We combusted the samples in a small-scale furnace and used a combination of a thermogravimetric analyser with an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) for the continuous measurement of carbon and cerium 18,19 . We attached silica filters to the exhaust gas for the subsequent analysis with SEM and EDXS.…”

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confidence: 99%

Persistence of engineered nanoparticles in a municipal solid-waste incineration plant

et al. 2012

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More than 100 million tonnes of municipal solid waste are incinerated worldwide every year 1 . However, little is known about the fate of nanomaterials during incineration, even though the presence of engineered nanoparticles in waste is expected to grow 2 . Here, we show that cerium oxide nanoparticles introduced into a full-scale waste incineration plant bind loosely to solid residues from the combustion process and can be efficiently removed from flue gas using current filter technology. The nanoparticles were introduced either directly onto the waste before incineration or into the gas stream exiting the furnace of an incinerator that processes 200,000 tonnes of waste per year. Nanoparticles that attached to the surface of the solid residues did not become a fixed part of the residues and did not demonstrate any physical or chemical changes. Our observations show that although it is possible to incinerate waste without releasing nanoparticles into the atmosphere, the residues to which they bind eventually end up in landfills or recovered raw materials, confirming that there is a clear environmental need to develop degradable nanoparticles.The amount of consumer goods containing engineered nanomaterials is expected to grow 2 , and the disposal of these products represents an increasing proportion of the over one billion metric tonnes of municipal solid waste disposed globally 1 . Although landfilling is still common practice in many countries, thermal waste treatment is becoming an important alternative. For example, China plans to expand its capacity for waste incineration from 3% in 2011 to 30% by 2020 (refs 3,4), and the European Commission has been phasing out the landfill of biodegradable waste through legislation 5 . These efforts aim to minimize the amount of untreated landfill waste.Engineered nanoparticles are often designed to be evenly distributed, insoluble and stable when incorporated into consumer goods. However, these characteristics can pose problems when the nanoparticles enter the natural environment 6 . For example, the use of persistent chemicals such as fluoro-chloro-hydrocarbons in fridges has depleted the stratospheric ozone layer 7 , and the use of fibrous solids such as asbestos in building materials has resulted in high incidences of mesothelioma 8 . Furthermore, the widespread use of insecticides has seen various fluorinated compounds, dioxins and halogenated biphenyl compounds accumulate in the food web 9 . It is expected that exposure of the biosphere to persistent nanoparticles may also result in similar undesirable outcomes, so the best precautionary measure is to limit their presence and residence time in the environment. This means that there is a need for proper disposal of persistent nanoparticles.With the growing interest in using persistent nanomaterials in products, we need information on the extent to which they are modified and later made bioavailable through incineration. Nanowaste is treated directly or indirectly. For instance, wastewater treatment plants efficiently...

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Persistence of engineered nanoparticles in a municipal solid-waste incineration plant

et al. 2012

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“…For example, PAC acted as a reducing agent and readily reduced the Cu compounds in the fly ash and froths to elemental Cu (boiling point, 2573°C); thus, the evaporation of Cu may be suppressed under an inert or a reducing atmosphere. By contrast, PAC may also reduce oxidic Zn (such as pure ZnO or ZnO containing matrix compounds) to its metallic state (Ludwig et al, 2001). The boiling point of Zn 0 is 907°C; thus, it might evaporate at temperatures higher than 900°C, thereby promoting the volatilization of Zn in fly ash and froth products.…”

Section: Effect Of Flotation On the Phase Distribution And Volatilizamentioning

confidence: 99%

Reburning Treatment of the Froths Obtained after the Flotation of Incinerator Fly Ash

Wei

Liu²,

Liu

et al. 2017

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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Flotation has been proven to successfully remove most polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and carbon constituents from hospital solid waste incinerator (HSWI) fly ash. The resultant froths contain large quantities of carbon constituents that can reburn in the incinerator. In this paper, the reburning behavior of froths at temperatures from 800°C to 1200°C was compared with that of HSWI fly ash. Results showed that the destruction efficiency of PCDD/Fs was higher in the froths than in the fly ash at the same reburning temperature. The destruction efficiencies of PCDD/Fs in the froths exceeded 98% at temperatures higher than 1000°C. The volatilization ratio of Pb, Zn, and Cu was lower in the froths than in the fly ash. Furthermore, reburning of the froths can achieve energy recovery of the carbon constituents. Therefore, flotation followed by reburning treatment in a combustion chamber could be a suitable process for the detoxification and reutilization of HSWI fly ash.

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“…The gas quench method being used in this work is similar to a condensation interface used in previous studies (Kowalski et al, 2011;Ludwig et al, 2001Ludwig et al, , 2007. Its general working principle is characterized by generating particles in the submicron range (Kowalski et al, 2011).…”

Section: Gas Quench Measurementsmentioning

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Online elemental analysis of process gases with ICP-OES: A case study on waste wood combustion

et al. 2012

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a b s t r a c tA mobile sampling and measurement system for the analysis of gaseous and liquid samples in the field was developed. An inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES), which is built into a van, was used as detector. The analytical system was calibrated with liquid and/or gaseous standards. It was shown that identical mass flows of either gaseous or liquid standards resulted in identical ICP-OES signal intensities. In a field measurement campaign trace and minor elements in the raw flue gas of a waste wood combustor were monitored. Sampling was performed with a highly transport efficient liquid quench system, which allowed to observe temporal variations in the elemental process gas composition. After a change in feedstock an immediate change of the element concentrations in the flue gas was detected. A comparison of the average element concentrations during the combustion of the two feedstocks showed a high reproducibility for matrix elements that are expected to be present in similar concentrations. On the other hand elements that showed strong differences in their concentration in the feedstock were also represented by a higher concentration in the flue gas. Following the temporal variations of different elements revealed strong correlations between a number of elements, such as chlorine with sodium, potassium and zinc, as well as arsenic with lead, and calcium with strontium.

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Studying the evaporation behavior of heavy metals by thermo-desorption spectrometry

Cited by 19 publications

References 7 publications

Persistence of engineered nanoparticles in a municipal solid-waste incineration plant

Persistence of engineered nanoparticles in a municipal solid-waste incineration plant

Reburning Treatment of the Froths Obtained after the Flotation of Incinerator Fly Ash

Online elemental analysis of process gases with ICP-OES: A case study on waste wood combustion

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