“…In order to help achieve this internal and external synchronisation, a wide range of PPC technologies, methodologies and philosophies have been developed, which can appear to be in conflict with one another (Zäpfel and Missbauer, 1993;Wiendahl et al, 2005;Zadeh et al, 2014). These are usually based on one of two approaches to PPC: the top down, push system of material requirement planning, as exemplified by a MRP II, and the JIT, bottom up, pull system as exemplified by Kanban (Mazany, 1995;Morecroft, 1983).…”