Stylet Penetration by &lt;I&gt;Bemisia argentifolii&lt;/I&gt; (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) into Host Leaf Tissue

Freeman, Thomas; Buckner, James S.; Nelson, Dennis R.; Chu, Chia‐Chi; Henneberry, T. J.

doi:10.1603/0013-8746(2001)094[0761:spbbah]2.0.co;2

Cited by 66 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Aphid species that more frequently puncture cells, such as the specialist Brevicoryne brassicae, cause PDF1.2 RNAs to accumulate to higher levels (Moran et al, 2002). Consistent with SLWFs performing fewer cellular punctures and triggering elevated SA-regulated gene expression, the SLWF microarrays show that PDF1.2 RNAs declined rather than increased in response to nymph feeding (Johnson and Walker, 1999;Freeman et al, 2001). These data suggested that SLWFs may evade JA-induced defenses by avoiding the tissue damage that activates JA responses or introduce effectors that suppress JA-dependent defenses (Zarate et al, 2007).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 71%

“…To examine whether microHRs occurred and H 2 O 2 accumulated during SLWF infestation, SLWFinfested and control leaves were examined after cytological staining. Positive staining near SLWF nymphs would indicate these defense responses were induced locally, as SLWFs tend to insert their stylets and navigate directly to the vascular tissue (Freeman et al, 2001). Figure 6 shows the results of trypan blue dye staining, which was used to monitor cell death.…”

Section: Cytological Examination Of the Hypersensitive Response Ros mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The silverleaf whitefly (SLWF; Bemisia tabaci type B; Bemisia argentifolii) is a good model to study plant responses to phloem-feeding insects. SLWFs are stealthy, as they navigate intercellularly and rarely damage epidermal or mesophyll cells prior to puncturing cells of the phloem (Johnson and Walker, 1999;Freeman et al, 2001); in contrast, aphids frequently probe intracellularly (Pollard, 1973). In addition, while aphids have a short and mobile life history, SLWFs have a long and continuous interaction with the plant.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Arabidopsis Transcriptome Changes in Response to Phloem-Feeding Silverleaf Whitefly Nymphs. Similarities and Distinctions in Responses to Aphids

et al. 2006

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Phloem-feeding pests cause extensive crop damage throughout the world, yet little is understood about how plants perceive and defend themselves from these threats. The silverleaf whitefly (SLWF; Bemisia tabaci type B) is a good model for studying phloem-feeding insect-plant interactions, as SLWF nymphs cause little wounding and have a long, continuous interaction with the plant. Using the Affymetrix ATH1 GeneChip to monitor the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) transcriptome, 700 transcripts were found to be up-regulated and 556 down-regulated by SLWF nymphs. Closer examination of the regulation of secondary metabolite (glucosinolate) and defense pathway genes after SLWF-instar feeding shows that responses were qualitatively and quantitatively different from chewing insects and aphids. In addition to the RNA profile distinctions, analysis of SLWF performance on wild-type and phytoalexin-deficient4 (pad4) mutants suggests aphid and SLWF interactions with Arabidopsis were distinct. While pad4-1 mutants were more susceptible to aphids, SLWF development on pad4-1 and wild-type plants was similar. Furthermore, although jasmonic acid genes were repressed and salicylic acid-regulated genes were induced after SLWF feeding, cytological staining of SLWF-infested tissue showed that pathogen defenses, such as localized cell death and hydrogen peroxide accumulation, were not observed. Like aphid and fungal pathogens, callose synthase gene RNAs accumulated and callose deposition was observed in SLWF-infested tissue. These results provide a more comprehensive understanding of phloem-feeding insect-plant interactions and distinguish SLWF global responses.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 71%

Section: Cytological Examination Of the Hypersensitive Response Ros mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Arabidopsis Transcriptome Changes in Response to Phloem-Feeding Silverleaf Whitefly Nymphs. Similarities and Distinctions in Responses to Aphids

et al. 2006

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“…Finally, the sheath provides a track along which stylets move. This limits cellular damage as evidenced by the tracks of whitefly nymph stylets after larval molts and Astegopteyx minuta's opportunistic use of dislodged aphid sheaths to guide its own stylet to an SE (Foster, 1996;Freeman et al, 2001).…”

Section: Entry Strategy 1: Dodge Defensesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Aphid and whitefly stylet sheath paths are multibranched, showing that stylets take tortuous routes to the phloem (Freeman et al, 2001;Tjallingii, 2006). During this journey, aphids puncture and ''taste'' virtually all mesophyll cells on their path to a major vein of the phloem.…”

Section: Entry Strategy 1: Dodge Defensesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Avoiding Effective Defenses: Strategies Employed by Phloem-Feeding Insects

2008

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Phytophages breach the integrity of plant tissues to recover nutrients from foliage, seeds, pollen, nectar, roots, or shoots. While many herbivores cause extensive damage, phloem-feeding insects, such as aphids and whiteflies, cause modest to barely perceptible damage, respectively. Phloem-feeding insects provide additional challenges to plants as they deplete photosynthates, vector viruses, and introduce chemical and/ or protein effectors that alter plant defense signaling, infestation symptoms, and plant development (Kaloshian and Walling, 2005). When these attributes are combined with broad host ranges, breeding strategies that promote invasiveness, highly evolved feeding strategies, the ability to adapt to a wide range of plant habitats, and the emergence of insecticide-resistant strains, it is not surprising that phloem-feeding insects cause heavy losses in agriculture and horticulture (Goggin, 2007).With the tools of cell and molecular biology, genetics, genomics, electrophysiology, and biochemistry, investigators are providing novel insights into the complexity and dynamics of plant-herbivore interactions. Many of the reviews in this issue describe the initial events in perception, as well as the defense signals and biochemical reprogramming that influence direct (antibiotic and antixenotic) and indirect (interactions with natural enemies) defenses to tissue-damaging herbivores. This review will highlight intricacies of plant-/phloemfeeding insect interactions, with a primary focus on whiteflies and comparisons to aphids.Although whiteflies and aphids are members of the Hemipteran suborder Sternorrhyncha, their life cycles, endosymbiont populations, and feeding activities are distinct (Baumann, 2005;Kaloshian and Walling, 2005). These insects use highly modified mouthparts (stylets) to navigate the cuticle, epidermis, and mesophyll and establish feeding sites in phloem sieve elements (SEs).Aphid adults and nymphs are mobile and utilize several feeding sites during their lifetime. In contrast, once the whitefly nymph establishes a feeding site on a minor vein of the phloem, nymphs (first-fourth instars) feed at this site almost continuously for 21 to 30 d (Fig. 1). The immobility of nymphs, longer life cycle, and prolonged nymph feeding are features that distinguish the whitefly-plant and aphid-plant interactions.Aphids and whiteflies take advantage of their adept feeding strategies and avoid or deter many plant defenses. These insects disguise themselves and deceive their hosts and natural enemies by using their stylets to deliver salivary chemicals and/or proteins into the plant to influence wound healing, defense-signaling pathways, and volatile emissions. Similar deceptive strategies are routinely employed by phytopathogenic microbes to avoid recognition and combat plant defenses (da Cunha et al., 2007). Pathogens introduce effectors into plant cells manipulating many biochemical and cellular processes to enhance phytopathogen success on host plants. In plant-biotroph interactions, effectors influence ...

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Ipomovirus – an atypical genus in the family Potyviridae transmitted by whiteflies

Dombrovsky

Reingold

Antignus

2014

Pest Management Science

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Ipomoviruses (genus Ipomovirus) are whitefly-transmitted viruses assigned to the family Potyviridae. They are characterised by filamentous flexible particles and a positive-sense single-stranded RNA (+ssRNA) genome. The viral genome is translated into a polyprotein precursor, which is processed into mature proteins and a short overlapping open reading frame. The genus Ipomovirus contains four accepted species and one unapproved species, and two other tentative members have recently been characterised. Ipomoviruses cause serious economic losses in many important crops, including cassava, sweet potato, cucurbits, tomato and aubergine. These viruses are transmitted by whiteflies in a non-circulative, semi-persistent manner, the virions being retained on the external surface of the vectors' mouthparts for a few days or weeks. Comparison of the available complete genome sequences of different ipomoviruses revealed differences in their genome organisation and a considerable variation in their proteins and conserved motifs that may reflect functional differences. This review summarises the current knowledge of the members within the genus Ipomovirus, focusing on genome organisation, taxonomic classification and the mechanism by which they are transmitted.

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Stylet Penetration by <I>Bemisia argentifolii</I> (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) into Host Leaf Tissue

Cited by 66 publications

References 21 publications

Arabidopsis Transcriptome Changes in Response to Phloem-Feeding Silverleaf Whitefly Nymphs. Similarities and Distinctions in Responses to Aphids

Arabidopsis Transcriptome Changes in Response to Phloem-Feeding Silverleaf Whitefly Nymphs. Similarities and Distinctions in Responses to Aphids

Avoiding Effective Defenses: Strategies Employed by Phloem-Feeding Insects

Ipomovirus – an atypical genus in the family Potyviridae transmitted by whiteflies

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