Styrene–butadiene rubber/lead oxide composites as gamma radiation shields

Abdelaziz, M.; Badran, A. S.; Abdel-Hakem, A. A.; Helaly, F. M.; Moustafa, A. B.

doi:10.1002/app.1991.070420420

Cited by 47 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Note: The density of PCM, CM, SBR_G, EPS, and PS_M is provided by manufacture and also cited in Abdel‐Aziz et al; density and heat capacity of PS_G are from Stoliarov; the conductivity of EPS is provided by manufacture; transport, emissivity, and absorption are estimated by similar materials in FDS 6.5 Technical Reference Guide Volume 3: Validation.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… ETICS parameters description: A, EPS ETICS parameters B, EPS ETICS specimen [Colour figure can be viewed at http://wileyonlinelibrary.com] Note: For SBR: ρ is 1063 kg/m 3 ; c is 1.89 kJ•kg −1 K −1 ; heat of combustion is 34.5 MJ/kg; for EPS: heat of combustion is 42.5 MJ/kg; heat of melting is 188 to 235 kJ/mol; the polymer beads collapse at approximately 110 to 120°C; complete volatilization occurs in the temperature range 460 to 500°C; the heat of degradation of expanded polystyrene has been estimated to be at the order of 912 J •g −1 . [Colour figure can be viewed at http://wileyonlinelibrary.com]…”

Section: Experiments and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Numerical prediction of mass loss rate of expanded polystyrene (EPS) used for external thermal insulation composite systems (ETICS) in cone calorimeter

et al. 2017

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Summary External thermal insulation composite systems (ETICS) consisting of insulation core and decorative surface materials are quite common in new construction and refurbishment buildings. Expanded polystyrene (EPS) ETICS are widely used. EPS ETICS consist of 3 distinct layers of varying composition and physical structure. The mass loss rate (MLR) and heat release rate play an important role in the evaluation of material reaction‐to‐fire performance. In the study described in this paper, 2 different numerical simulation tools, Fire Dynamic Simulator (FDS 6.5) and ThermaKin2D, were investigated with respect to their capability to predict the MLR of EPS ETICS products exposed to different fire conditions. The materials were characterised in order to provide suitable input parameters for the models. With accurate input parameters, the mean error between the predicted curve and the experimental MLR curve was calculated as approximately 16% for heat fluxes 30 and 50 kW/m2. The discrepancies between predicted and measured results are ascribed to the flame flux, which is not well modelled. It is found that the flame flux accounts for 15% of external heat flux in FDS 6.5 and for 18.0% of external heat flux in ThermaKin2D.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Experiments and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical prediction of mass loss rate of expanded polystyrene (EPS) used for external thermal insulation composite systems (ETICS) in cone calorimeter

et al. 2017

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“…Furthermore, as an alternative to hot-pressing, such materials could be used as filler in lead-oxide-based polymers or composites. Indeed, data published in the literature suggest that such composite materials can under some conditions reach very high shielding efficiencies while being easily moulded to any shape or dimension [52].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gamma shielding materials for MR-compatible PET

Strul

Cash

Keevil

et al. 2003

IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci.

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Abstract-As for standard positron emission tomography (PET) scanners, MR-compatible PET scanners will require gamma shielding to suppress the influence of activity outside the PET field of view (FOV). Suitable materials must have very specific properties, including magnetic properties close to those of water, high density, high atomic number, and ideally a low conductivity. In order to identify potential suitable materials, we have selected several heavy-metal-based candidates based on the available data for magnetic and shielding properties. These materials include several nonferromagnetic metals and metal oxides, two scintillating crystals (bismuth germanate and lead tungstate) and two metal/epoxy compounds. The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) compatibility of these materials was assessed under various conditions, both on a human and a small-animal MRI scanner. In parallel, we assessed the shielding efficiency at 661 keV of the most promising candidates. These experiments showed that there is a range of possibilities for the design of MR-compatible gamma shields. Lead has acceptable magnetic compatibility but can induce significant conductivity-related artefacts. Heavy-metal-based minerals are fully insulating and hot-pressed lead monoxide showed good MR compatibility combined with good shielding properties. Other possibilities include the use of lead based powders and heavy-metal oxide composites.Index Terms-Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), shielding.

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“…Lysozyme from hens ' eggs has been investigated and has been shown to be most effi cacious when the chitosan is only partially deacetylated [169] . The low -molecular -weight chitosan ( LMWC ) with an average M w in the range of 5000 -20 000 Da obtained after enzymatic hydrolysis was shown to possess superior biological activities [170] . The low -molecular -weight chitosan ( LMWC ) with an average M w in the range of 5000 -20 000 Da obtained after enzymatic hydrolysis was shown to possess superior biological activities [170] .…”

Section: Enzymatic Hydrolysis Of Chitosanmentioning

confidence: 99%