Styrene oxide in the manufacture of reinforced polyester plastics.

Fjeldstad, Per Einar; Thorud, Sarah; Wannag, Axel

doi:10.5271/sjweh.2655

Cited by 6 publications

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“…In two factories producing boats, car parts, and building materials, Pfaffli et al reported an average of 40 ppb (SD = 20) of SO in hand layup applications and 120 ppb (SD = 70) in spray applications. 10 These levels are similar to those reported in other studies conducted in the 1970s and 1980s in factories producing car parts, mudguards and biological toilets, 11 and boats. 8 Even though the overall range of SO levels in air in the current study was similar to previous reports (,1-138 ppb, table 2), we observed varying median levels for different product groups (ranging from 1.90 ppb to 44.0 ppb, table Table 5 Multivariable weighted stepwise linear regression models of subject-specific means of log transformed styrene and SO levels in air (weights are the frequencies of subject-specific repeated measurements of styrene and SO, respectively) 3A).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

“…2 Although rarely mentioned, direct exposures to SO can also occur at low (mg/m 3 ) levels in styrene-using industries where SO is released into air as a byproduct of styrene oxidation. [6][7][8][9][10][11] The biological importance of SO is generally considered within the context of styrene metabolism due to the vastly greater abundance of styrene in air. However, this assumption has been questioned because, whereas metabolically derived SO is efficiently detoxified by epoxide hydrolases in the liver, inhaled SO is rapidly absorbed and distributed to the tissues where it can exert genotoxic effects.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Predictors of occupational exposure to styrene and styrene-7,8-oxide in the reinforced plastics industry

Serdar

Tornero‐Velez²,

Echeverria

et al. 2006

Occup Environ Med

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Objective: To identify demographic and work related factors that predict blood levels of styrene and styrene-7,8-oxide (SO) in the fibreglass reinforced plastics (FRP) industry. Methods: Personal breathing-zone air samples and whole blood samples were collected repeatedly from 328 reinforced plastics workers in the Unuted States between 1996 and 1999. Styrene and its major metabolite SO were measured in these samples. Multivariable linear regression analyses were applied to the subject-specific levels to explain the variation in exposure and biomarker levels. Results: Exposure levels of styrene were approximately 500-fold higher than those of SO. Exposure levels of styrene and SO varied greatly among the types of products manufactured, with an 11-fold range of median air levels among categories for styrene and a 23-fold range for SO. Even after stratification by job title, median exposures of styrene and SO among laminators varied 14-and 31-fold across product categories. Furthermore, the relative proportions of exposures to styrene and SO varied among product categories. Multivariable regression analyses explained 70% and 63% of the variation in air levels of styrene and SO, respectively, and 72% and 34% of the variation in blood levels of styrene and SO, respectively. Overall, air levels of styrene and SO appear to have decreased substantially in this industry over the last 10-20 years in the US and were greatest among workers with the least seniority. Conclusions: As levels of styrene and SO in air and blood varied among product categories in the FRP industry, use of job title as a surrogate for exposure can introduce unpredictable measurement errors and can confound the relation between exposure and health outcomes in epidemiology studies. Also, inverse relations between the intensity of exposure to styrene and SO and years on the job suggest that younger workers with little seniority are typically exposed to higher levels of styrene and SO than their coworkers.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

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confidence: 99%

Predictors of occupational exposure to styrene and styrene-7,8-oxide in the reinforced plastics industry

Serdar

Tornero‐Velez²,

Echeverria

et al. 2006

Occup Environ Med

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“…Past methods for collecting SO in air were based upon adsorption by either activated carbon 4,5,9 or Tenax, 7,8 both of which also trap PAA and AP. Following collection, the adsorbate was eluted with a solvent and analyzed by gas chromatography (GC), typically with ¯ame ionization detection (FID).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement of styrene-7,8-oxide and other oxidation products of styrene in air

Tornero‐Velez

Waidyanatha

Echeverria

et al. 2000

J. Environ. Monitor.

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Styrene-7,8-oxide (SO) is generated at low concentrations from the oxidation of styrene during the processing of reinforced plastics. Since exposure to SO has important health implications, we developed air sampling and analytical methods to measure low levels of airborne SO in the presence of styrene and its other oxidation products, namely phenylacetaldehyde (PAA) and acetophenone (AP). Both active and passive air monitors were used. The active sampling method, which employed adsorption on Tenax, was suitable for measuring SO, PAA and AP but had limited capacity for styrene due to breakthrough. The passive monitor employed a carbon adsorbent and was suitable for measurement of styrene and SO but not PAA and AP due to poor recovery. After sampling, the analytes were extracted from the adsorbents with ethyl acetate and measured by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection or mass spectrometry. By maintaining the injection port at 70 degrees C, the thermal rearrangement of SO to PAA was minimized. Recovery of styrene and SO from the passive monitor depended upon loading and was corrected by linearization of the Freundlich isotherm. The limits of detection for SO, PAA, and AP were 0.2 ppb using the active monitor, and for SO was 1 ppb using the passive monitor. The sampling precision for SO (RSD from personal measurements) was 5.0% for the passive monitor and was 13.4% for the active monitor over a range of exposures from 5-150 ppb. The corresponding precision for styrene was 5.3% for the passive monitor for levels ranging from 1.2 to 104 ppm. Measurements of 235 personal exposures with the active monitor in 12 facilities manufacturing fiberglass-reinforced plastics (FRP) showed that levels of AP and PAA were below 7.8 ppb and 5 ppb, respectively. In contrast, SO averaged 30.4 ppb (SE=2.4) in these FRP facilities, ranging from below 0.2 ppb to 190 ppb. The active monitor was also used to detect airborne SO at levels of approximately equals 1 ppb in one facility manufacturing styrene butadiene rubber, suggesting that SO is generally present during the polymerization of styrene. Personal passive monitoring in the 12 FRP facilities (n = 657) revealed mean concentrations of styrene ranging between 1.8 and 55.4 ppm, and for SO between 1.7 and 62.6 ppb. The ratio of the mean styrene level to the mean SO level varied between 449:1 and 1,635:1 among the 12 FRP facilities.

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“…During this procedure the evaporation of styrene is considerable, and as much as 10 070 of the styrene can evaporate into the workroom air. During the lamination process styrene can also be converted to styrene-7,8-oxide in the presence of organic peroxides and air (10,18).…”

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Biological monitoring of styrene metabolites in blood.

Löf¹,

Lundgren²,

Em³

et al. 1986

Scand J Work Environ Health

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LOF A, LUNDGREN E, NYDAHL E-M, BYFALTNORDQVIST M. Biological monitoring of styrene metabolites in blood. Scand J Work Environ Health (1986) 70-74. Ten men occupationally exposed to styrene in two glass-fiber reinforced plastics factories were studied during three consecutive workdays. The mean external exposure level was 99 mg/m", The total pulmonary uptake of styrene was estimated from measurements of the styreneconcentrationin inspiredair, the pulmonary ventilation,and the relative uptake. A gas chromatographic method based on electron capture detection was used to quantify styrene glycol,as wellas styrene-7,8-oxide, in blood. The concentration of styrene glycolappeared to be linearly related to the preceding uptake of styrene. When the uptake during 5 h immediately before the blood sampling was considered, the correlation coefficient (r) obtained the value of 0.90. The concentration of styrene-7,8-oxide wasat the detection limitof 0.02Itmolllin most samples. A weakercorrelationbetween the concentration of styrene in blood and the uptake during the hour immediately preceding the blood sampling was obtained (r=0.71).

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Styrene oxide in the manufacture of reinforced polyester plastics.

Cited by 6 publications

References 0 publications

Predictors of occupational exposure to styrene and styrene-7,8-oxide in the reinforced plastics industry

Predictors of occupational exposure to styrene and styrene-7,8-oxide in the reinforced plastics industry

Measurement of styrene-7,8-oxide and other oxidation products of styrene in air

Biological monitoring of styrene metabolites in blood.

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