Sub-critical water extraction of bitumen from Huadian oil shale lumps

Recovery of shale oil condensate from different oil shales using a flow-through apparatus

“…The condensate from the lacustrine Colorado oil shale showed, as expected from the 1 H NMR and liquid 13 C NMR, a strong predominance of aliphatic compounds resembling the distribution for the CH 2 Cl 2 -solubles for torbanite, which is a coal derived from lacustrine algae [7]. The Colorado condensate also showed a notable concentration of N-compounds including substituted pyridines and substituted quinolines, which agrees with the literature for other lacustrine oil shales [32,33]. Interestingly, the TICs of the Julia Creek and Yarmouk condensates were remarkably similar, more so than would have been expected from the ultimate analyses and 1 H NMR.…”

Oil mobilisation by subcritical water processing

“…Clay catalysed reactions at high temperatures in water on representative large molecules were reported (Su et al 2004). Previous work has also identified possibilities for the components of kerogenic oils typified by clusters of two or three aromatic rings connected by linkages (Siskin and Katritzky 1991;Deng et al 2012). Of course, the possibility of near critical water treatment is also applicable to the heavy ends of matured crude oils to which we referred at the beginning.…”

Enhanced viscosity reduction in heavy oils by subcritical water

“…The resulting higher H?/OHconcentration enhances cracking potential (Ryan et al 1997;Patrick et al 2001;Akiya and Savage 2002;Golombok and Ineke 2013). By contrast, supercritical water relies solely on its increased thermal cracking potential (Ogunsola and Berkowitz 1995;Kamimura et al 1998;Deng et al 2011;Park and Son 2011;Deng et al 2012;Golombok and Ineke 2013).…”