Sub-femtosecond precision measurement of relative X-ray arrival time for free-electron lasers

Hartmann, Nik; Helml, Wolfram; Galler, Andreas; Bionta, Mina R.; Grünert, Jan; Молодцов, С. Л.; Ferguson, K.R.; Schorb, Sebastian; Swiggers, Michelle; Carron, S.; Bostedt, Christoph; Castagna, Jean-Charles; Bozek, John D.; Glownia, James M.; Kane, Daniel J.; Fry, A.R.; White, William E.; Hauri, Christoph P.; Feurer, Thomas; Coffee, Ryan

doi:10.1038/nphoton.2014.164

Cited by 109 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Another essential requirement for every ultrafast experiment that relies on a synchronized optical laser for pump or probe is precise information about the relative arrival time between the two lasers. Steady progress in this regard has been made [51,52,58,69,101,103,[117][118][119][120], as was demonstrated throughout this review, and electron acceleration designs relying on superconducting linear accelerators [19,20] open up even better prospects for temporal synchronization [121]. Nevertheless, a complete and direct single-shot measurement in the time domain that reports both the exact XFEL pulse temporal structure and arrival time simultaneously and which is applicable over a broad range of X-ray pulse durations remains elusive.…”

Section: Angular Streaking-full Time-energy Sase Pulse Retrievalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrashort Free-Electron Laser X-ray Pulses

et al. 2017

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For the investigation of processes happening on the time scale of the motion of bound electrons, well-controlled X-ray pulses with durations in the few-femtosecond and even sub-femtosecond range are a necessary prerequisite. Novel free-electron lasers sources provide these ultrashort, high-brightness X-ray pulses, but their unique aspects open up concomitant challenges for their characterization on a suitable time scale. In this review paper we describe progress and results of recent work on ultrafast pulse characterization at soft and hard X-ray free-electron lasers. We report on different approaches to laser-assisted time-domain measurements, with specific focus on single-shot characterization of ultrashort X-ray pulses from self-amplified spontaneous emission-based and seeded free-electron lasers. The method relying on the sideband measurement of X-ray electron ionization in the presence of a dressing optical laser field is described first. When the X-ray pulse duration is shorter than half the oscillation period of the streaking field, few-femtosecond characterization becomes feasible via linear streaking spectroscopy. Finally, using terahertz fields alleviates the issue of arrival time jitter between streaking laser and X-ray pulse, but compromises the achievable temporal resolution. Possible solutions to these remaining challenges for single-shot, full time-energy characterization of X-ray free-electron laser pulses are proposed in the outlook at the end of the review.

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Section: Angular Streaking-full Time-energy Sase Pulse Retrievalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrashort Free-Electron Laser X-ray Pulses

et al. 2017

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“…Recently, schemes have also been invented allowing for the creation of two x-ray pulses of tuneable frequency and time delay for 50-to 100-fs-long pulses [4] and a few-femtosecond pulses [5]. Moreover, self-seeding in the hard- [6] and soft-x-ray range [7] gives pulses of improved temporal coherence, and several schemes have been proposed to produce transform-limited attosecond and femtosecond pulses [8][9][10]. These versatile x-ray sources will therefore soon open the pathway for implementing all x-ray pump-probe schemes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nonlinear resonant Auger spectroscopy in CO using an x-ray pump-control scheme

2016

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In the present paper we propose nonlinear femtosecond x-ray pump-probe spectroscopy to study the vibrational dynamics of a core-excited molecular state and discuss numerical results in CO. A femtosecond pump resonantly excites the carbon core-excited 1s-1π * state of the CO molecule. A second strong probe (control) pulse is applied at variable delay and is resonantly coupled to a valence excited state of the molecule. The strong nonlinear coupling of the control pulse induces Rabi flopping between the two electronic states. During this process, a vibrational wave packet in the core-excited state is created, which can be effectively manipulated by changing the time delay between pump and control pulses. We present an analysis of the resonant Auger electron spectrum and the transient absorption or emission spectrum on the pump transition and discuss their information content for reconstruction of the vibrational wave packet.

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“…(iii) The limitations of the temporal resolution because of the arrival time jitter between the X-ray and the pump laser pulse have recently been improved dramatically by the development of cross-correlation tools at some FEL facilities 38,39,47 , which allow correcting for this jitter in the data analysis such that the temporal resolution is, at present, mostly limited by the X-ray and laser pulse durations, as we have shown in recent time-resolved ion imaging experiment 40 . Other FEL facilities now operate laser-seeded FELs 41 , which allows for much better intrinsic synchronization between the FEL and the femtosecond laser.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Femtosecond photoelectron diffraction: a new approach to image molecular structure during photochemical reactions

Rolles

Boll

Tamrakar

et al. 2014

Ultrafast Nonlinear Imaging and Spectroscopy II

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Continuing technical advances in the creation of (sub-) femtosecond VUV and X-ray pulses with Free-Electron Lasers and laser-based high-harmonic-generation sources have created new opportunities for studying ultrafast dynamics during chemical reactions. Here, we present an approach to image the geometric structure of gas-phase molecules with fewfemtosecond temporal and sub-Ångström spatial resolution using femtosecond photoelectron diffraction. This technique allows imaging the molecules "from within" by analyzing the diffraction of inner-shell photoelectrons that are created by femtosecond VUV and X-ray pulses. Using pump-probe schemes, ultrafast structural changes during photochemical reactions can thus be directly visualized with a temporal resolution that is only limited by the pulse durations of the pump and the probe pulse and the synchronization of the two light pulses. Here, we illustrate the principle of photoelectron diffraction using a simple, geometric scattering model and present results from photoelectron diffraction experiments on laser-aligned molecules using X-ray pulses from a Free-Electron Laser.

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Sub-femtosecond precision measurement of relative X-ray arrival time for free-electron lasers

Abstract: International audienc

Cited by 109 publications

References 27 publications

Ultrashort Free-Electron Laser X-ray Pulses

Ultrashort Free-Electron Laser X-ray Pulses

Nonlinear resonant Auger spectroscopy in CO using an x-ray pump-control scheme

Femtosecond photoelectron diffraction: a new approach to image molecular structure during photochemical reactions

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