Sub-Kelvin cooling for two kilopixel bolometer arrays in the PIPER receiver

Switzer, Eric R.; Ade, Peter A. R.; Baildon, Taylor; Benford, Dominic J.; Bennett, C. L.; Chuss, David T.; Datta, Rahul; Eimer, Joseph; Fixsen, D. J.; Gandilo, N. N.; Essinger-Hileman, Thomas; Halpern, M.; Hilton, G. C.; Irwin, K. D.; Jhabvala, Christine A.; Kimball, Mark O.; Kogut, A.; Lazear, J.; Lowe, L.; McMahon, Jeffrey; Miller, Timothy M.; Mirel, P.; Moseley, S. H.; Pawlyk, S.; Rodriguez, Samelys; Sharp, Elmer H.; Shirron, Peter; Staguhn, Johannes; Sullivan, Dan; Taraschi, Peter; Tucker, C.; Walts, Alexander; Wollack, Edward J.

doi:10.1063/1.5108649

Cited by 14 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…A single-shot Adiabatic Demagnetization Refrigerator (ADR) 28,29 provides a 100 mK base temperature and ≈1 µW of cooling power for the spectrometer focal plane. Niobium-titanium (NbTi) coaxial cables 30 and carbon fiber suspensions isolate the 100 mK stage from a 900 mK intermediate stage, which is cooled by a 4 He adsorption cooler.…”

Section: Receivermentioning

confidence: 99%

Overview and status of EXCLAIM, the experiment for cryogenic large-aperture intensity mapping

Cataldo,

Ade,

Anderson

et al. 2021

Preprint

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The EXperiment for Cryogenic Large-Aperture Intensity Mapping (EXCLAIM) is a balloon-borne far-infrared telescope that will survey star formation history over cosmological time scales to improve our understanding of why the star formation rate declined at redshift z < 2, despite continued clustering of dark matter. Specifically, EXCLAIM will map the emission of redshifted carbon monoxide and singly-ionized carbon lines in windows over a redshift range 0 < z < 3.5, following an innovative approach known as intensity mapping. Intensity mapping measures the statistics of brightness fluctuations of cumulative line emissions instead of detecting individual galaxies, thus enabling a blind, complete census of the emitting gas. To detect this emission unambiguously, EXCLAIM will cross-correlate with a spectroscopic galaxy catalog. The EXCLAIM mission uses a cryogenic design to cool the telescope optics to approximately 1.7 K. The telescope features a 90-cm primary mirror to probe spatial scales on the sky from the linear regime up to shot noise-dominated scales. The telescope optical elements couple to six µ-Spec spectrometer modules, operating over a 420-540 GHz frequency band with a spectral resolution of 512 and featuring microwave kinetic inductance detectors. A Radio Frequency System-on-Chip (RFSoC) reads out the detectors in the baseline design. The cryogenic telescope and the sensitive detectors allow EXCLAIM to reach high sensitivity in spectral windows of low emission in the upper atmosphere. Here, an overview of the mission design and development status since the start of the EXCLAIM project in early 2019 is presented.

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Section: Receivermentioning

confidence: 99%

Overview and status of EXCLAIM, the experiment for cryogenic large-aperture intensity mapping

Cataldo,

Ade,

Anderson

et al. 2021

Preprint

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“…15,16 This system is designed to map the polarization of the CMB on the largest angular scales and characterize dust foregrounds by observing a large fraction of the sky in four frequency bands in the range 200 GHz-600 GHz. 17 The PIPER receiver 18,19 is submerged in liquid helium, which becomes a superfluid during flight due to the low ambient pressure at balloon altitudes and represents additional challenges for the realization of the vacuum window assembly. The window and all of its interfaces need to be impervious to superfluid helium and able to reliably survive multiple thermal cycles.…”

Section: Articlementioning

confidence: 99%

“…1 The superfluid-tight vacuum vessel houses the receiver, which contains the second silicon lens, sub-Kelvin cooled detector package, cold readout components, and the cooling system. 18 The vacuum vessel houses both focal planes, with separate windows for each path.…”

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anti-reflection coated vacuum window for the Primordial Inflation Polarization ExploreR (PIPER) balloon-borne instrument

Datta

Chuss

Eimer

et al. 2021

Review of Scientific Instruments

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Measuring the faint polarization signal of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) not only requires high optical throughput and instrument sensitivity but also control over systematic effects. Polarimetric cameras or receivers used in this setting often employ dielectric vacuum windows, filters, or lenses to appropriately prepare light for detection by cooled sensor arrays. These elements in the optical chain are typically designed to minimize reflective losses and hence improve sensitivity while minimizing potential imaging artifacts such as glint and ghosting. The Primordial Inflation Polarization ExploreR (PIPER) is a balloon-borne instrument designed to measure the polarization of the CMB radiation at the largest angular scales and characterize astrophysical dust foregrounds. PIPER's twin telescopes and detector systems are submerged in an open-aperture liquid helium bucket dewar. A fused-silica window anti-reflection (AR) coated with polytetrafluoroethylene is installed on the vacuum cryostat that houses the cryogenic detector arrays. Light passes from the skyward portions of the telescope to the detector arrays through this window, which utilizes an indium seal to prevent superfluid helium leaks into the vacuum cryostat volume. The AR coating implemented reduces reflections from each interface to <1% compared to ∼10% from an uncoated window surface. The AR coating procedure and room temperature optical measurements of the window are presented. The indium vacuum sealing process is also described in detail, and test results characterizing its integrity to superfluid helium leaks are provided.

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“…A Continuous Adiabatic Demagnetization Refrigerator (CADR) 41,43 will provide 100 mK base temperature and 10 µW cooling power for the spectrometer focal plane. We will use NbTi coaxial cable 46 and Kevlar suspensions to isolate the 100 mK stage from 1.5 K. The high-current CADR magnet leads will be vapor-cooled and enter the receiver through a superfluid-tight feedthrough.…”

Section: Receivermentioning

confidence: 99%

The Experiment for Cryogenic Large-Aperture Intensity Mapping (EXCLAIM)

et al. 2020

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The EXperiment for Cryogenic Large-Aperture Intensity Mapping (EXCLAIM) is a cryogenic balloon-borne instrument that will survey galaxy and star formation history over cosmological time scales. Rather than identifying individual objects, EXCLAIM will be a pathfinder to demonstrate an intensity mapping approach, which measures the cumulative redshifted line emission. EXCLAIM will operate at 420-540 GHz with a spectral resolution R = 512 to measure the integrated CO and [CII] in redshift windows spanning 0 < z < 3.5. CO and [CII] line emissions are key tracers of the gas phases in the interstellar medium involved in star-formation processes. EXCLAIM will shed light on questions such as why the star formation rate declines at z < 2, despite continued clustering of the dark matter. The instrument will employ an array of six superconducting integrated grating-analog spectrometers (µ-Spec) coupled to microwave kinetic inductance detectors (MKIDs). Here we present an overview of the EXCLAIM instrument design and status.

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Sub-Kelvin cooling for two kilopixel bolometer arrays in the PIPER receiver

Cited by 14 publications

References 39 publications

Overview and status of EXCLAIM, the experiment for cryogenic large-aperture intensity mapping

Overview and status of EXCLAIM, the experiment for cryogenic large-aperture intensity mapping

Anti-reflection coated vacuum window for the Primordial Inflation Polarization ExploreR (PIPER) balloon-borne instrument

The Experiment for Cryogenic Large-Aperture Intensity Mapping (EXCLAIM)

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