Sub-zero and room-temperature sodium–sulfur battery cell operations: A rational current collector, catalyst and sulphur-host design and study

Catalytic Effects of Electrodes and Electrolytes in Metal–Sulfur Batteries: Progress and Prospective

“…Recently, Kumar et al have reported that indium tin oxide nanoparticles, a conductive metal oxide decorated on activated carbon cloth (ITO@ACC), act as an electrocatalytic host to immobilize the higher-order NaPSs and accelerate the conversion of NaPSs. [167] The EPR spectroscopy shows that the single-electron-trapped oxygen vacancies present in the ITO crystal undergo a free-radical coupling process with trisulfur radical monoanions (S 3…”

“…have reported that indium tin oxide nanoparticles, a conductive metal oxide decorated on activated carbon cloth (ITO@ACC), act as an electrocatalytic host to immobilize the higher‐order NaPSs and accelerate the conversion of NaPSs. [ 167 ] The EPR spectroscopy shows that the single‐electron‐trapped oxygen vacancies present in the ITO crystal undergo a free‐radical coupling process with trisulfur radical monoanions (S 3 •− ), and can accelerate the transformation of higher‐order NaPSs. As a result, the prepared RT Na–S coin cells with ITO@ACC shows a high capacity of 1167 mAh g −1 at 0.2 C. When the S loading reaches 6.8 mg cm −2 , the cathode exhibits a high initial reversible capacity of 684 mAh g −1 and maintains a high reversible capacity of 445 mAh g −1 after 1000 cycles.…”

Orthorhombic Nb2O5 Decorated Carbon Nanoreactors Enable Bidirectionally Regulated Redox Behaviors in Room‐Temperature Na–S Batteries

“…[ 10 , 11 ] Creating favoring defects via vacancies and/or elemental doping is also demonstrated to trigger the electrocatalytic effect of metal oxides toward S conversions through tuning their Fermi level. [ 12 , 13 ] Another useful method is to constitute heterostructures through deepening atomic‐scale interfacial coupling between metal oxides and substrate materials or epitaxially growing electrocatalysts on metal oxide surfaces. [ 14 , 15 ] Most often, these strategies necessitate cumbersome preparing and processing procedures and thus, require peculiar synthetic routes.…”

Tessellated N-doped carbon/CoSe2 as trap-catalyst sulfur hosts for room-temperature sodium–sulfur batteries

“…[8][9][10] However, similar to Li-S batteries, the soluble long-chain polysulfides generated in the multi-step conversion process of Na-S batteries dissolve in the electrolyte and thus induce a severe shuttle effect, which greatly reduces the cycling stability of batteries. 11 In order to solve this problem, the structural design of the cathode material becomes crucial. Firstly, the sulfur host needs to have a high electronic conductivity to meet the basic mass transfer.…”

“…8–10 However, similar to Li–S batteries, the soluble long-chain polysulfides generated in the multi-step conversion process of Na–S batteries dissolve in the electrolyte and thus induce a severe shuttle effect, which greatly reduces the cycling stability of batteries. 11…”