Subcellular Roles of Glutathione in Mediating Plant Defense during Biotic Stress

Abstract

Glutathione and reactive oxygen species (ROS) play important roles, within different cell compartments, in activating plant defense and the development of resistance. In mitochondria, the accumulation of ROS and the change of glutathione towards its oxidized state leads to mitochondrial dysfunction, activates cell death, and triggers resistance. The accumulation of glutathione in chloroplasts and peroxisomes at the early stages of plant pathogen interactions is related to increased tolerance and resistance. The collapse of the antioxidative system in these two cell compartments at the later stages leads to cell death through retrograde signaling. The cytosol can be considered to be the switchboard during biotic stress where glutathione is synthesized, equally distributed to, and collected from different cell compartments. Changes in the redox state of glutathione and the accumulation of ROS in the cytosol during biotic stress can initiate the activation of defense genes in nuclei through pathways that involve salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, auxins, and abscisic acid. This review dissects the roles of glutathione in individual organelles during compatible and incompatible bacterial, fungal, and viral diseases in plants and explores the subcelluar roles of ROS, glutathione, ascorbate, and related enzymes in the development of resistance.

Tetraploid Citrumelo 4475 rootstocks improve diploid common clementine tolerance to long-term nutrient deficiency

“…4 , 5 , Tables 3 , 4 , Supplementary Tables S2 , S3 ). Similar results were recorded in other plants under conditions of high light stress, infection, dark-induced senescence or total nutrient deficiency 6 , 29 , 49 , 50 . Chloroplast degradation may be due to the significant decrease in N in the mature leaves of each scion/rootstock combination following the extensive remobilization of N present in the cell to younger leaves or storage areas during nutrient deficiency 51 , 52 (Figs.…”

Tetraploid Citrumelo 4475 (Citrus paradisi L. Macf. × Poncirus trifoliata L. Raf.) Rootstocks Improve Common Clementine Tolerance to Long-term Nutrient Deficiency (Citrus clementina Hort. ex Tan)

“…2 and 3). Similar results were recorded in other plants under conditions of high light stress, infection, dark-induced senescence or total nutrient de ciency 6,20,45,46 . Chloroplast degradation may be due to the signi cant decrease in N in the mature leaves of each scion/rootstock combination following the extensive remobilization of N present in the cell to younger leaves or storage areas during nutrient de ciency 47,48 ( Tables 2 and 3; Fig.…”

“…Plastoglobuli are bound to thylakoids via their membranes. Studies have shown that plastoglobuli are involved in the formation and degradation of thylakoids during plant growth, development and senescence but also when plants are exposed to drought, high-light, N starvation or fungal infection 46,[51][52][53] . The reduced damage of the thylakoid membrane in C/CM4x would explain the maintenance of the plastoglobuli numbers and the small increase in their size due to the accumulation of catabolites formed by thylakoid degradation in their hydrophobic core compared to other scion/rootstock combinations 54,55 ( Tables 2 and 3; Fig.…”

The Versatile Roles of Sulfur-Containing Biomolecules in Plant Defense—A Road to Disease Resistance

“…It plays a role as a non-enzymatic antioxidant in the ascorbate-glutathione cycle, and participates in many detoxification reactions in plants [60][61][62]. Furthermore, GSH is also known as a central regulator of plant signaling during plant-pathogen interactions [63,64].…”