Subchronic administration of Catha edulis F. (khat) extract is marked by elevation of cardiac biomarkers and subendocardial necrosis besides blood pressure alteration in rats

Admassie, Endalkachew; Engidawork, Ephrem

doi:10.1016/j.jep.2011.04.042

Cited by 15 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…However, the reducing effect of Khat on the body weight of male SD-rats with high dose (HD) could be a primary indicator of anorexigenic effect [21, 22] and might result from the local astringent effects of Khat on intestinal absorption [23]. In addition, the higher the dose level, the greater the reduction in body weight [24]. It was found that the decrease in body weight was correlated to a decrease in leptin level.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Pancreatic damage was unlikely, since serum amylase (AM) was nonsignificantly changed despite its lack of specificity [40]. Again, elevations of AST due to straited muscles injury should be associated with parrallel elevations in serum creatine kinase (CK) as a marker of skeletal [34, 35, 41] and/or heart muscles injury [24]. However, CK in the tested groups of male and female SD-rats was nonsignificantly different from that of NC.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Toxicological Features ofCatha edulis(Khat) on Livers and Kidneys of Male and Female Sprague-Dawley Rats: A Subchronic Study

Alsalahi

Abdulla

Al-Mamary

et al. 2012

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

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Hepato- and nephrotoxicity of Khat consumption (Catha edulis Forskal) have been evoked. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate such possible hepatorenal toxicity in female and male Sprague-Dawley rats (SD rats) focusing primarily on liver and kidney. In addition, female and male rats were investigated separately. Accordingly, forty-eight SD-rats (100–120 g) were distributed randomly into four groups of males and female (n = 12). Normal controls (NCs) received distilled water, whereas test groups received 500 mg/kg (low dose (LD)), 1000 mg/kg (medium dose (MD)), or 2000 mg/kg (high dose (HD)) of crude extract of Catha edulis orally for 4 weeks. Then, physical, biochemical, hematological, and histological parameters were analyzed. Results in Khat-fed rats showed hepatic enlargement, abnormal findings in serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) of male and female SD-rats and serum albumin (A) and serum creatinine (Cr) of female as compared to controls. In addition, histopathological abnormalities confirmed hepatic and renal toxicities of Khat that were related to heavy Khat consumption. In summary, Khat could be associated with hepatic hypertrophy and hepatotoxicity in male and female SD-rats and nephrotoxicity only in female SD-rats.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicological Features ofCatha edulis(Khat) on Livers and Kidneys of Male and Female Sprague-Dawley Rats: A Subchronic Study

Alsalahi

Abdulla

Al-Mamary

et al. 2012

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

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“…Cardiovascular toxicity is a potential short‐ or long‐term complication of anticancer therapy. AST, CK can be employed for diagnosis of myocardial damage . The CK value were 660.6 ± 391.8 and 492.4 ± 481.2 UL for Taxol, PTX‐C‐TAT‐LP (in the presence of GSH), respectively.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tumor-Targeted Paclitaxel Delivery and Enhanced Penetration Using TAT-Decorated Liposomes Comprising Redox-Responsive Poly(Ethylene Glycol)

Shi

et al. 2015

Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

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“…Khat was sold in bundles and varied in quantity per unit, quality and country of origin [22, 25, 26]. The most popular varieties were Miraa from Kenya and Harari from Ethiopia [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In comparison, Yemenis preferred Harari khat [29] with less cathinone. Khat can be sourced as different varieties which are named after the place of cultivation and leaves’ potency [26, 30, 31] Fresh Miraa and Harari were transported to a warehouse in Southall after clearance from Heathrow Airport and wholesaled to sellers for approximately £35.00 a box. Dried leaves were sold at an average of £40.00 per box [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Before the ban - an exploratory study of a local khat market in East London, U.K

et al. 2015

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BackgroundKhat is a green leaf with amphetamine-like effects. It is primarily used among people in Africa, the Middle East and in the diaspora communities from these countries. Prior to the prohibition of khat in the UK on 24 June 2014, there was almost no information available on key aspects of the local khat market.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted in 2012 using snowball sampling, Privileged Access Interviewing and area mapping in order to identify khat sale establishments. Data was collected via face-to-face interviews using mixed methods for data collection. This included information about the establishments selling khat, khat pricing and its use among different ethnic minority groups, in addition to the potential sale of khat to children and risk assessment (e.g. use of pesticides on khat).ResultsFive out of seven sellers identified agreed to participate. Sellers described their khat sale establishments as ‘community centres’ which included, for example, a restaurant basement. The sellers’ history of selling khat ranged between 1–15 years and khat’s sale took place between 2pm-10pm. Miraa (e.g. Lara) from Kenya was the most popularly used khat variety, sold in pre-wrapped bundles of approximately 250 g costing £3 each and delivered four days a week. Harari (e.g. Owdi) from Ethiopia was sold in 200 g, 400 g and 1 kg bundles, priced between £5 and £20 and delivered two days a week. The primary benefit of khat use was reported to be social interaction. The customers were predominantly adult males of Somali origin. Most sellers claimed a self-imposed ban on sales to children under 18 years old. Khat bundles had no labelling describing variety or weight and sellers had no knowledge of the use of pesticides on khat and did not advertise the risks associated with khat use.ConclusionsKhat selling establishments were businesses that did not adhere to trade standards regulations (e.g. labelling khat bundles). They claimed to provide a community service (facilitating social interaction) to their predominately Somali customers. Without a better understanding of the dynamics of the khat market there is a risk that both health and social needs of the vulnerable populations involved in the market continue to go unaddressed. Future research should track changes in the now illicit khat market in order to evaluate the social and public health implications following the recent changes to the current UK regulatory environment regarding khat.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12954-015-0048-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Subchronic administration of Catha edulis F. (khat) extract is marked by elevation of cardiac biomarkers and subendocardial necrosis besides blood pressure alteration in rats

Cited by 15 publications

References 38 publications

Toxicological Features ofCatha edulis(Khat) on Livers and Kidneys of Male and Female Sprague-Dawley Rats: A Subchronic Study

Toxicological Features ofCatha edulis(Khat) on Livers and Kidneys of Male and Female Sprague-Dawley Rats: A Subchronic Study

Tumor-Targeted Paclitaxel Delivery and Enhanced Penetration Using TAT-Decorated Liposomes Comprising Redox-Responsive Poly(Ethylene Glycol)

Before the ban - an exploratory study of a local khat market in East London, U.K

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