Subchronic organismal toxicity, cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and feeding response of pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) to lindane (γ‐HCH) exposure under experimental conditions

Abstract

This study evaluated organismal toxicity, cytotoxicity, and genotoxicity and the filtration rate in response to different concentrations of subchronic lindane (gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane [gamma-HCH]), exposure (12 d) in adult Pacific oysters Crassostrea gigas. Oysters were exposed in vivo in laboratory aquaria to 10 different concentrations (0.0-10.0 mg/L) of gamma-HCH. The median lethal concentration (LC50) after 12 d was calculated as 2.22 mg/L. Cytotoxic effects were observed in hemocytes, where the mean cell viability was significantly decreased at 1.0 mg/L of gamma-HCH after 12 d. Genotoxicity of gamma-HCH measured by single cell gel electrophoresis assay, in hemocytes was evident at 0.7 mg/L of gamma-HCH after 12 d. After 4 h of exposure to gamma-HCH, filtration rates were reduced compared with controls to 65.8 and 38.2% at concentrations of 0.3 and 0.7 mg/L, respectively, and after 11 d of exposure, filtration rates were reduced to 60.4 and 30.9% at concentrations of 0.1 mg/L and higher. These results show the subchronic effects of gamma-HCH at different concentrations and effect sensitivities are categorized as filtration rate < genotoxicity < cytotoxicity < mortality. The relevance of integral toxicity evaluation, considering different endpoints from molecular, cellular, and individual levels is discussed.

Temporal and spatial distribution of semicarbazide in western Laizhou Bay

“…These results were in agreement with previous studies that reduced NRR was detected in mussels and clams following exposure to contaminants such as metals, organic xenobiotics and antibiotic drugs (Lowe and Moore, 1979;Dailianis et al, 2003;Nigro et al, 2006;Rank et al, 2007;Aguirre-Martinez et al, 2013). DNA damage can lead to reproductive impairment, abnormal development and lethal mutations, which has been used as a general stress biomarker to indicate the genotoxic risk (Anguiano et al, 2007;Barranger et al, 2014;Vazquez-Boucard et al, 2014). The present study clearly demonstrated that oysters from XZ and MP were suffered from significant DNA damage.…”

Effects of Pesticides on Marine Bivalves: What Do We Know and What Do We Need to Know?

“…Triforine, a fungicide, induced decreased hemocyte viability in the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica (Alvarez & Friedl, 1992). Cytotoxic effects were also observed in adult Pacific cupped oyster, C. gigas, hemocytes: the mean cell viability was significantly decreased at 1.0 mg L -1 of lindane (gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane) after 12 day exposure period (Anguiano et al, 2006). Alteration in cell viability was also reported in the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis, exposed to 0.1 mg L -1 azamethiphos, an organophosphate pesticide (Cantry et al, 2007).…”

“…The induced aneuploidy observed appeared to be transmitted to the next generation as offspring exhibited significantly higher aneuploidy levels when their parents had been exposed to diuron (Bouilly et al, 2007). Genotoxicity induced by lindane at 0.7 mg L -1 was also demonstrated in Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, hemocytes after a 12 day contamination period (Anguiano et al, 2006). Wessel et al (2007) investigatied embryotoxic and genotoxic effects of the organochlorine pesticide, endosulfan, on Crassostrea gigas embryos.…”

“…These authors did not observed any effect on mortality. In vivo in laboratory assays testing 10 different concentrations (0 to 10 mg L -1 ) of lindane (gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane [gamma-HCH]) allowed to define the median lethal concentration (LC 50 ) after a 12 day period as 2.22 mg L -1 in the Pacific cupped oyster, Crassostrea gigas (Anguiano et al, 2006). Lindane and isoproturon tested at concentrations of up to 10 mg L -1 for a 9 day esposure period showed negative effects on survival and growth of Pacific cupped oyster, Crassostrea gigas, larvae (Hiss & Seaman, 1993).…”

“…However, cholinesterases found in the Pacific cupped oyster, Crassostrea gigas, appeared to be insensitive to organophosphorous insecticides (Bocquene et al, 1997). Anguiano et al (2006) showed that after a 4 h exposure to lindane (gammahexachlorocyclohexane), filtration rates of adult Pacific cupped oysters, Crassostrea gigas, were significantly reduced compared with controls at concentrations of 0.3 and 0.7 mg L -1 . However, a short term exposure of the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis, to azamethiphos did not change the feeding rate (Chantry et al, 2007).…”