Subchronic toxicity evaluation of ethanol extract of Cassia tora L. seeds in rats

Traditional medicinal plants used for treating emerging and re-emerging viral diseases in northern Nigeria

“…Seed extract induced subacute toxicity including hepatotoxicity in mice [109] . Raw pod and seed caused poisoning in children in India affecting the hepatic, skeletal, brain system and resulting in fatal coma [14] Hepatitis, meningitis, COVID-19, yellow fever, poliomyelitis Cassia tora Leaves and seeds are used as a liver tonic, antimicrobial, skin diseases, fever, and cardiotonic in Ayurveda [ 110 , 111 ] Dried seed extract inhibited replication SARS-CoV replication [112] The ethanol seed extracts did not induce subchronic toxicity effect on biochemical parameters of rat [113] Hepatitis, meningitis, yellow fever Chasmanthera dependens Hochst. Used to treat infectious diseases, pain, malaria, epilepsy, convulsions and fractures in Nigeria and West Africa [114] Aqueous and methanol extract of leaf, root and stem did not exhibit any chronic toxicity on rats [115] Poliomyelitis, meningitis Chenopodium ambrosioides L. Used to treat fever in Morocco and as treatment for lung and fungal infection in West Africa [ 116 , 117 ] Induced antiviral activity against HSV-1 [118] High doses of 12.31–31.89 g/kg caused lung congestion and necrosis of the kidney tubules [117] Poliomyelitis, Meningitis Cordia africana Lam.…”

Preclinical activities of Cassia tora Linn against aging-related diseases

“…While ethanol extracts from C. tora seeds also was evaluated no toxicity in rat with oral administration of 500, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg/day for 13 weeks (Ref. 34).…”

Exploring the mechanism of Cassiae semen in regulating lipid metabolism through network pharmacology and experimental validation

“…The powder of Cassiae semens (10 g) was extracted using 95% ethanol at 90°C for 3 h under a reflux condensation device. The acquired product was filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated for 40 min and lyophilized using a freeze-drying system [ 9 ]. After weighing the collected dry residue at 0.812 g (yield: 8.12%), the dry residue was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to a final concentration of 500 mg/ml, stored at −40°C until use after aliquoting into several tubes.…”

“…In modern clinical Chinese medicine, CS has been widely used to treat hyperlipidemia and diabetes [ 6–8 ]. One investigation observed no treatment-related adverse effects following sub-chronic toxicity evaluations of the ethanol extract of CS [ 9 ], suggestion that the extract is relatively safe. Meanwhile, Cassiae semen ethanol extract (CSEE) has been reported to have plasma lipid lowering effects in hyper-lipidemic rats [ 10 ] and improve pancreatic mitochondrial function in high-fat diet fed mice [ 11 ].…”